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00:00:40,367 --> 00:00:44,883
It's only in the last 50 years,
with the invention of the aqualung
2
00:00:45,047 --> 00:00:48,517
that we've gone underwater
to see what lives there,
3
00:01:07,087 --> 00:01:09,078
We all love dolphins,
4
00:01:09,727 --> 00:01:12,799
They're the playful,
popular face of the ocean,
5
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But most of what lives underwater
is out of sight,
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00:01:21,087 --> 00:01:22,600
and so, out of mind,
7
00:01:23,087 --> 00:01:25,999
Even in the 20 years
that I've been diving,
8
00:01:26,167 --> 00:01:28,840
there have been big changes
in our seas,
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00:01:30,087 --> 00:01:34,160
It's clear that our oceans
are now in real danger,
10
00:01:44,087 --> 00:01:47,875
Flying over miles and miles
of ocean, you get the impression
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00:01:48,047 --> 00:01:49,878
that things aren't too bad,
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but below the surface there's
a multitude of man-made problems,
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00:01:55,687 --> 00:01:59,362
0f all of them, probably
the most destructive is fishing,
14
00:01:59,527 --> 00:02:02,997
and it's the WAY we catch fish
that's the problem,
15
00:02:13,087 --> 00:02:15,965
Blue fin tuna, king of the sea,
16
00:02:16,127 --> 00:02:19,358
They are exquisitely designed
for the open ocean,
17
00:02:20,207 --> 00:02:22,960
They can grow up
to three-quarters of a tonne,
18
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and can swim at 50 miles an hour,
19
00:02:25,287 --> 00:02:28,085
faster than any other creature
in the sea,,,
20
00:02:29,247 --> 00:02:30,680
apart from us,
21
00:02:32,207 --> 00:02:35,483
They have few natural predators
when fully grown,
22
00:02:35,647 --> 00:02:39,879
It is believed that these blue fin
are now endangered,
23
00:02:40,047 --> 00:02:43,562
There's no place in the ocean
where we can't pursue them,
24
00:02:43,727 --> 00:02:45,957
They just can't escape us,
25
00:02:47,567 --> 00:02:50,161
Fishing has become
incredibly hi-tech,
26
00:02:50,327 --> 00:02:53,558
so much so that we can
pretty much capture anything
27
00:02:53,727 --> 00:02:55,718
anywhere in the world nowadays.
28
00:02:55,887 --> 00:02:59,277
These blue fin tuna boats
beneath me have every mod con.
29
00:02:59,447 --> 00:03:03,804
They have incredibly big engines,
use depth sounders, GPS,
30
00:03:03,967 --> 00:03:07,880
and they even have spotter planes
spotting the fish for them.
31
00:03:08,047 --> 00:03:11,437
I got about eight fish over here.
They just went down.
32
00:03:11,607 --> 00:03:13,598
They're on my left side.
33
00:03:17,007 --> 00:03:20,716
So the blue fin tuna,
travelling at 50 miles an hour,
34
00:03:20,887 --> 00:03:22,559
hasn't got much of a chance,
35
00:03:22,727 --> 00:03:26,356
The moment it comes to the surface,
somebody will spot it.
36
00:03:28,807 --> 00:03:32,356
Go at 12 o'clock.
Five or six boats.
37
00:03:33,927 --> 00:03:38,159
Here they're being hunted on one
of their major migration routes,
38
00:03:39,167 --> 00:03:42,239
It's thought they swim
from the Gulf of Mexico
39
00:03:42,407 --> 00:03:46,195
up the eastern seaboard
of the U,S, to Canada each summer,
40
00:03:46,767 --> 00:03:48,962
Their routes are so predictable,
41
00:03:49,127 --> 00:03:51,687
that they can be caught
year after year,
42
00:03:57,967 --> 00:04:01,198
While these fisherman
are still catching them,
43
00:04:01,367 --> 00:04:03,517
scientists are tagging the fish,
44
00:04:03,687 --> 00:04:07,236
trying to discover how many
separate populations there are,
45
00:04:07,407 --> 00:04:09,204
what their movements are,
46
00:04:09,367 --> 00:04:11,562
and just how many fish are left,
47
00:04:14,287 --> 00:04:17,882
Marine scientist and
keen sports fisherman Carl Safina
48
00:04:18,047 --> 00:04:20,197
fishes off Long Island, New York,
49
00:04:21,087 --> 00:04:22,964
He loves fishing for blue fin,
50
00:04:23,127 --> 00:04:25,925
but these days
he has to target other species,
51
00:04:26,087 --> 00:04:28,681
I've been fishing off shore
since I was 12
52
00:04:28,847 --> 00:04:30,838
with my fathers and my uncles,
53
00:04:31,007 --> 00:04:33,441
and we used to see
lots of blue fin tuna -
54
00:04:33,607 --> 00:04:36,565
a lot of small ones
and a lot of big ones.
55
00:04:37,287 --> 00:04:40,359
Now, er...there are so few tuna,
56
00:04:40,527 --> 00:04:43,883
that people...sport fish
for sharks now.
57
00:04:48,647 --> 00:04:51,036
Safina is so concerned
by this decline
58
00:04:51,207 --> 00:04:55,086
that he's campaigning
with the National Audubon Society
59
00:04:55,247 --> 00:04:57,363
to try and save these tuna,
60
00:04:57,807 --> 00:05:02,039
What we do know about blue fins
in the western part of the Atlantic -
61
00:05:02,207 --> 00:05:05,279
the part of the Atlantic
off the U.S. and Canada -
62
00:05:05,447 --> 00:05:09,486
is that, er...from the mid 1970s
63
00:05:09,647 --> 00:05:11,524
until the late 1990s,
64
00:05:11,687 --> 00:05:13,723
the population has declined
65
00:05:13,887 --> 00:05:15,559
by roughly 85 per cent.
66
00:05:15,727 --> 00:05:19,481
In New England, where most
of the Western Atlantic blue fin
67
00:05:19,647 --> 00:05:21,638
are caught commercially,
68
00:05:21,807 --> 00:05:25,482
fishermen just don't believe
these government figures,
69
00:05:26,287 --> 00:05:29,359
They claim there are mistakes
in the analysis,
70
00:05:29,527 --> 00:05:32,166
so they're naturally
very sceptical
71
00:05:32,327 --> 00:05:35,160
about the quotas
the government imposes,
72
00:05:35,327 --> 00:05:38,080
Scientific research in the ocean
is expensive,
73
00:05:38,247 --> 00:05:42,126
and the politics surrounding
this fish are complicated,
74
00:05:43,047 --> 00:05:45,242
but one thing is indisputable -
75
00:05:45,407 --> 00:05:48,558
these fish sell
for vast amounts of money,
76
00:05:49,487 --> 00:05:53,400
(SAFINA) The blue fin tuna
was worth a few cents a pound
77
00:05:53,567 --> 00:05:56,081
and often sold as cat food
78
00:05:56,247 --> 00:05:58,238
until some people realised
79
00:05:58,407 --> 00:06:00,796
that if they airlifted them
to Japan -
80
00:06:00,967 --> 00:06:03,481
if they sent them to Japan
in airplanes -
81
00:06:03,647 --> 00:06:06,161
the price would go from a few cents
82
00:06:06,327 --> 00:06:08,318
to many dollars per pound.
83
00:06:13,127 --> 00:06:17,882
Tsukiji market in Tokyo is the
biggest fish market in the world,
84
00:06:22,887 --> 00:06:25,924
Before I came to Japan,
I'd heard a lot about it
85
00:06:26,087 --> 00:06:29,238
but I just wasn't prepared
for the scale of it,
86
00:06:29,967 --> 00:06:32,800
This warehouse
is just the frozen section,
87
00:06:32,967 --> 00:06:36,880
In another section, there are
rows and rows of fresh tuna,
88
00:06:37,047 --> 00:06:41,279
and amongst these are
a frightening quantity of blue fin,
89
00:06:54,767 --> 00:06:59,318
The Japanese are by far the biggest
importers of blue fin tuna
90
00:06:59,487 --> 00:07:01,478
in the world,
91
00:07:01,647 --> 00:07:03,638
This is big business.
92
00:07:03,807 --> 00:07:06,241
These blue fin
are fetching £60 a kilo,
93
00:07:06,407 --> 00:07:08,398
so in today's auction,
94
00:07:08,567 --> 00:07:11,684
a dealer would expect
to get £12,000
95
00:07:11,847 --> 00:07:13,838
for this one fish alone.
96
00:07:14,007 --> 00:07:16,077
But the market fluctuates madly,
97
00:07:16,247 --> 00:07:18,761
and some blue fin here
98
00:07:18,927 --> 00:07:21,077
have fetched more than £100,000,
99
00:07:38,287 --> 00:07:42,439
Tuna fisherman don't accept the
blue fin numbers are right down,
100
00:07:42,607 --> 00:07:45,838
but most scientists
firmly believe that they are,
101
00:07:46,407 --> 00:07:50,320
Many people want blue fin tuna
listed as CITES Appendix I,
102
00:07:50,487 --> 00:07:53,877
in other words, a total ban
on all fishing of them.
103
00:07:54,047 --> 00:07:55,526
Unless this is done,
104
00:07:55,687 --> 00:07:59,600
there is no way that those involved
in the market will give up -
105
00:07:59,767 --> 00:08:01,962
there's too much in it for them.
106
00:08:05,087 --> 00:08:07,521
This market is not just about tuna,
107
00:08:07,687 --> 00:08:10,599
There's every conceivable type
of fish here,
108
00:08:18,727 --> 00:08:21,719
Nearly 50 per cent of the food
eaten in Japan
109
00:08:21,887 --> 00:08:23,878
comes from the sea,
110
00:08:24,047 --> 00:08:27,596
compared with the world's average
of about 15 per cent.
111
00:08:27,767 --> 00:08:32,158
They eat enormous quantities of fish,
of every species imaginable,
112
00:08:32,327 --> 00:08:35,558
but unfortunately, some of
those species are in deep trouble.
113
00:08:38,887 --> 00:08:40,366
This is a swordfish,
114
00:08:40,527 --> 00:08:44,839
In the Atlantic, its numbers have
more than halved since the 1960s,
115
00:08:45,007 --> 00:08:48,238
and many restaurants
have now taken it off the menu,
116
00:08:49,607 --> 00:08:52,758
Marlin are a favourite
amongst game fishermen,
117
00:08:52,927 --> 00:08:55,566
and some species are down
by 90 per cent,
118
00:09:01,047 --> 00:09:04,357
While shark meat is on sale
in many Japanese markets,
119
00:09:04,527 --> 00:09:07,758
by far the biggest trade
is in shark fins,
120
00:09:07,927 --> 00:09:10,236
and that trade is Asia-wide,
121
00:09:11,087 --> 00:09:14,045
About 100 million sharks
122
00:09:14,207 --> 00:09:16,198
are caught every year,
123
00:09:17,047 --> 00:09:19,641
Admittedly,
this IS the biggest market,
124
00:09:19,807 --> 00:09:23,117
but there are hundreds of markets
all over the world
125
00:09:23,287 --> 00:09:25,437
selling huge quantities of fish,
126
00:09:25,607 --> 00:09:28,963
and it's not just one day a week,
it's day after day.
127
00:09:29,127 --> 00:09:32,483
You might find
some really strange creatures here,
128
00:09:32,647 --> 00:09:35,241
ones which are
totally unfamiliar to us,
129
00:09:35,407 --> 00:09:39,002
but it's often the more common
species that are threatened,
130
00:09:39,167 --> 00:09:41,556
and those you can find on sale
at home.
131
00:09:43,727 --> 00:09:45,843
This is Billingsgate Market,
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00:09:46,007 --> 00:09:48,282
the largest fish market in London,
133
00:09:48,647 --> 00:09:52,322
Here you can buy all the familiar
fish which we love to eat,
134
00:09:52,487 --> 00:09:57,356
but in the UK, we're eating fish
whose stocks are dangerously low,
135
00:09:59,007 --> 00:10:02,841
Most of us have no idea
that these fish are in trouble,
136
00:10:03,007 --> 00:10:05,396
even the most common ones
such as cod,
137
00:10:06,447 --> 00:10:10,645
At the moment, the worst problem
is with cod in the Irish Sea
138
00:10:10,807 --> 00:10:14,800
which is really in a very,
very depressed state indeed.
139
00:10:16,287 --> 00:10:20,075
The north-east Arctic stock
off the coast of Norway
140
00:10:20,247 --> 00:10:21,999
is not in very good shape.
141
00:10:22,167 --> 00:10:26,126
The Canadian stock and the North
Sea stock are not in good shape.
142
00:10:26,287 --> 00:10:30,565
About the only one that's doing
reasonably well is in Iceland.
143
00:10:30,727 --> 00:10:33,480
And if that one goes the same way,
144
00:10:33,647 --> 00:10:35,638
there will be no Atlantic cod.
145
00:10:35,807 --> 00:10:38,924
There simply will not be any cod
for sale.
146
00:10:42,247 --> 00:10:45,523
So is this a normal size
for a cod these days?
147
00:10:45,687 --> 00:10:47,564
That's an average size, yeah.
148
00:10:47,727 --> 00:10:52,005
(SHEPHERD ) When you buy fish in the
supermarket or fish and chip shop,
149
00:10:52,167 --> 00:10:54,397
as a consumer
you have no way to tell
150
00:10:54,567 --> 00:10:58,640
whether this is from a stock
that is overfished or that isn't.
151
00:10:58,807 --> 00:11:02,959
- These are from the North Sea?
- Yeah, they're Scottish.
152
00:11:03,127 --> 00:11:05,436
We know that fish stocks
do collapse
153
00:11:05,607 --> 00:11:07,598
and sometimes they recover -
154
00:11:07,767 --> 00:11:10,201
the herring collapsed
and recovered.
155
00:11:10,367 --> 00:11:13,837
A stock of mackerel in
the North Sea in the 60s and 70s
156
00:11:14,007 --> 00:11:18,319
collapsed under very heavy fishing
pressure by purse-seiners,
157
00:11:18,487 --> 00:11:20,284
and it has not come back.
158
00:11:20,447 --> 00:11:22,358
In 30 years, it has not come back.
159
00:11:23,527 --> 00:11:26,166
Sole and plaice
are fully exploited
160
00:11:26,807 --> 00:11:30,482
and could not sustain
any further fishing pressure.
161
00:11:30,647 --> 00:11:32,956
The herring also
is fully exploited.
162
00:11:33,127 --> 00:11:35,083
There's no room for expansion.
163
00:11:36,247 --> 00:11:39,762
Now, with so much fishing pressure
in surface waters,
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00:11:39,927 --> 00:11:44,159
fishermen are going deeper and
deeper to find fish for the market.
165
00:11:44,327 --> 00:11:48,639
We're seeing things here that we'd
never have heard of 20 years ago.
166
00:11:49,007 --> 00:11:51,316
This is a black scabbard
167
00:11:51,487 --> 00:11:53,921
and it lives at about 1,000 metres.
168
00:11:54,087 --> 00:11:56,999
So are these fish in trouble?
It's hard to say,
169
00:11:57,167 --> 00:12:00,557
because like everything else
that lives in the deep,
170
00:12:00,727 --> 00:12:02,718
very little is known about it.
171
00:12:02,887 --> 00:12:06,482
Scientists don't really know
what's going on down there,
172
00:12:06,647 --> 00:12:09,480
and they're only just beginning
to find out,
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00:12:12,687 --> 00:12:14,484
Scientists from Tasmania
174
00:12:14,647 --> 00:12:17,002
are now using hi-tech cameras
175
00:12:17,167 --> 00:12:18,759
mounted on submersibles
176
00:12:18,927 --> 00:12:22,124
to study the effects of fishing
on the deep sea,
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00:12:23,767 --> 00:12:25,598
0nly in the last 30 years
178
00:12:25,767 --> 00:12:28,679
have we had the technology
to fish the deep,
179
00:12:29,287 --> 00:12:33,599
But in many places, the fishing
pressure has been intense,
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00:12:35,767 --> 00:12:39,680
This particular fish
is now on our menus,
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00:12:41,847 --> 00:12:43,326
These white fish
182
00:12:43,487 --> 00:12:46,957
are the fillets of a deep sea fish
called orange ruffie.
183
00:12:47,127 --> 00:12:50,722
You may have noticed them
in your supermarket recently.
184
00:12:51,087 --> 00:12:54,397
They can live at depths
of 1,500 metres,
185
00:12:54,567 --> 00:12:56,558
and like a lot of deep sea fish,
186
00:12:56,727 --> 00:12:58,718
they live a very long time.
187
00:12:58,887 --> 00:13:02,197
These ones could have been born
during World War II.
188
00:13:02,367 --> 00:13:06,121
They could even have been around
during the Victorian era.
189
00:13:06,287 --> 00:13:08,278
It's believed that orange ruffie
190
00:13:08,447 --> 00:13:10,915
can live to a staggering
150 years old.
191
00:13:12,087 --> 00:13:15,284
As well as living longer,
these fish mature later
192
00:13:15,447 --> 00:13:16,960
at about 30 years old,
193
00:13:17,127 --> 00:13:19,436
If you take them out
before this age,
194
00:13:19,607 --> 00:13:21,677
they won't be able to reproduce,
195
00:13:21,847 --> 00:13:25,681
There won't be a future generation
of orange ruffie,
196
00:13:30,567 --> 00:13:34,037
For many years, the fishing
pressure here was huge,
197
00:13:34,207 --> 00:13:37,517
Thousands of tonnes
were scooped up for the market,
198
00:13:37,687 --> 00:13:39,484
and sold around the world,
199
00:13:39,647 --> 00:13:41,638
At times, so many were caught,
200
00:13:41,807 --> 00:13:45,561
there wasn't even the market
for them, They were just dumped,
201
00:13:49,087 --> 00:13:52,682
Fortunately, the New Zealand
and Australian fisheries
202
00:13:52,847 --> 00:13:54,997
recognised the problem in time,
203
00:13:55,167 --> 00:13:58,159
They now monitor the fish stocks
carefully,
204
00:13:58,327 --> 00:14:02,081
The fish may be safe,
but the habitat they rely on isn't,
205
00:14:08,087 --> 00:14:09,566
In the deep sea,
206
00:14:09,727 --> 00:14:12,195
there are animals so new to us
207
00:14:12,367 --> 00:14:15,882
and so strange,
it's as if we are in another world,
208
00:14:47,607 --> 00:14:49,643
Despite its remoteness,
209
00:14:49,807 --> 00:14:54,119
the deep sea habitat is now
under threat, and once again,
210
00:14:54,287 --> 00:14:58,200
it's the method of fishing
that is causing the real damage,
211
00:15:01,727 --> 00:15:04,321
Deep sea fishing nets are huge,
212
00:15:04,487 --> 00:15:07,081
They dredge up life
indiscriminately,
213
00:15:08,287 --> 00:15:11,518
Corals and sponges
hundreds of years old
214
00:15:11,687 --> 00:15:14,724
are being ripped off
the seabed and destroyed,
215
00:15:14,887 --> 00:15:18,243
What a trawler does,
particularly in the deep sea,
216
00:15:18,407 --> 00:15:22,082
where fishing effort
is concentrated around sea mounts
217
00:15:22,247 --> 00:15:24,238
which are very hard rock,
218
00:15:24,407 --> 00:15:26,477
to protect the net from the rock,
219
00:15:26,647 --> 00:15:30,481
they have steel balls on them
about half a metre in diameter.
220
00:15:30,647 --> 00:15:34,117
That net is pulled along
at say three knots,
221
00:15:34,287 --> 00:15:38,644
smacking into the rock,
smack, smack, smack, smack.
222
00:15:38,807 --> 00:15:42,959
So this net basically comes along
and mows that thing down,
223
00:15:43,127 --> 00:15:45,516
just rips it off, it's history.
224
00:15:45,687 --> 00:15:48,520
It's got no chance of living
after that.
225
00:15:49,687 --> 00:15:52,121
You can't see
the damage done at depth,
226
00:15:52,287 --> 00:15:55,757
but if the same was done on land,
you'd be horrified,
227
00:15:55,927 --> 00:15:58,725
If we wanted to catch cows,
for instance,
228
00:15:58,887 --> 00:16:01,276
we'd hang a net from a helicopter,
229
00:16:01,447 --> 00:16:03,677
and drag that through the paddock.
230
00:16:03,847 --> 00:16:05,838
We'd not only catch a few cows,
231
00:16:06,007 --> 00:16:09,317
we'd catch the dog, the car,
the farmyard, the barn,
232
00:16:09,487 --> 00:16:11,478
we'd catch the farmer's wife,
233
00:16:11,647 --> 00:16:14,480
we'd catch the stuff
that we weren't going for.
234
00:16:14,647 --> 00:16:17,559
0'Shea is concerned
about many of the animals
235
00:16:17,727 --> 00:16:20,287
that are being brought up
from the deep,
236
00:16:20,447 --> 00:16:22,438
most of them unintentionally,
237
00:16:23,367 --> 00:16:25,835
He's monitoring
the damage being done
238
00:16:26,007 --> 00:16:27,998
from his lab in New Zealand,
239
00:16:28,167 --> 00:16:30,397
0ne of the most spectacular things
240
00:16:30,567 --> 00:16:34,719
we've received in fisheries'
bi-catch is this large gorgonian.
241
00:16:34,887 --> 00:16:37,879
It's like a black coral.
It's closely related,
242
00:16:38,047 --> 00:16:40,277
and this specimen is 700 years old.
243
00:16:40,447 --> 00:16:41,926
So it was 700 years
244
00:16:42,087 --> 00:16:46,956
when the net ripped it off the
bottom of the sea. Now it's dead.
245
00:16:47,127 --> 00:16:49,118
When you add up the pieces,
246
00:16:49,287 --> 00:16:52,677
you'd have three metres
in height from the sea floor,
247
00:16:52,847 --> 00:16:56,635
and that must be the equivalent
of an underwater forest.
248
00:16:56,807 --> 00:16:59,685
It's tragic that this
should be ripped from the floor.
249
00:17:05,087 --> 00:17:09,319
This particular species was very
common between 700 and 1100 metres
250
00:17:09,487 --> 00:17:10,886
off our coast,
251
00:17:11,047 --> 00:17:14,357
but like everything,
that is very fragile,
252
00:17:14,527 --> 00:17:19,078
and if we put a steel ball over it,
it would be crushed to pieces.
253
00:17:24,047 --> 00:17:27,722
0'Shea has a particular
fascination for deep sea squid,
254
00:17:27,887 --> 00:17:30,799
but he's worried
that many are disappearing
255
00:17:30,967 --> 00:17:34,721
before we've even had a chance
to see them alive in the wild,
256
00:17:34,887 --> 00:17:36,878
let alone understand them,
257
00:17:39,367 --> 00:17:42,916
This species used to be very common
around New Zealand.
258
00:17:43,087 --> 00:17:44,645
It's gone.
259
00:17:45,447 --> 00:17:48,200
The only reason
an animal like this is gone,
260
00:17:48,367 --> 00:17:50,642
is it's so stupid, it's so slow,
261
00:17:50,807 --> 00:17:53,844
it got attacked by a trawler net,
262
00:17:54,007 --> 00:17:57,283
and the trawlers have been going
in the area for so long
263
00:17:57,447 --> 00:17:59,722
that we've made this animal
extinct.
264
00:18:03,887 --> 00:18:06,640
With every single dive
to the deep ocean,
265
00:18:06,807 --> 00:18:09,480
scientists are discovering
new species,
266
00:18:09,647 --> 00:18:13,242
Some may have properties
that could be invaluable to us,
267
00:18:15,647 --> 00:18:19,117
Sponges are animals,
but they're rooted to the bottom
268
00:18:19,287 --> 00:18:21,357
and can't get away from something
269
00:18:21,527 --> 00:18:24,519
that's trying to eat them
or grow over them,
270
00:18:24,687 --> 00:18:26,643
so they produce chemicals
271
00:18:26,807 --> 00:18:30,846
to ward off predators
or other encroaching sponges,
272
00:18:37,927 --> 00:18:42,239
It's these chemicals that interest
marine scientists in Florida,
273
00:18:42,407 --> 00:18:44,716
They collect sponges from the deep,
274
00:18:44,887 --> 00:18:47,526
and take them back to the lab
for analysis,
275
00:18:47,687 --> 00:18:49,678
The challenge to us
276
00:18:49,847 --> 00:18:52,600
as drug discoverers
and marine biologists
277
00:18:52,767 --> 00:18:54,598
is to figure out
278
00:18:54,767 --> 00:18:56,917
why the organism is producing it,
279
00:18:57,087 --> 00:18:59,840
and then apply that knowledge
to figure out
280
00:19:00,007 --> 00:19:02,601
what might be
an appropriate drug target
281
00:19:02,767 --> 00:19:05,361
for that chemical compound.
282
00:19:06,687 --> 00:19:10,760
Pomponi's team is using chemicals
from the sponges in trials,
283
00:19:10,927 --> 00:19:14,966
They believe the chemicals will
prevent the growth of cancer cells
284
00:19:15,127 --> 00:19:16,606
in humans,
285
00:19:18,527 --> 00:19:21,519
Ideally, we want something
that will kill
286
00:19:21,687 --> 00:19:23,678
a certain type of cancer cell,
287
00:19:23,847 --> 00:19:27,283
so it will be very specific
for certain types of cancer,
288
00:19:27,447 --> 00:19:30,439
and, so far, the results
are very encouraging.
289
00:19:30,607 --> 00:19:34,156
So, yes, we think that this will
be useful as a treatment
290
00:19:34,327 --> 00:19:36,602
for certain forms of cancer.
291
00:19:39,287 --> 00:19:43,041
So far, we've only explored
two per cent of the deep,
292
00:19:43,207 --> 00:19:47,041
We could be in danger of losing
a treasure-trove of species,
293
00:19:47,207 --> 00:19:50,119
before we've even discovered them,
294
00:19:51,287 --> 00:19:53,755
(P0MP0NI) If we lose...
295
00:19:53,927 --> 00:19:58,478
that biological diversity
that occurs in the deep ocean,
296
00:19:58,647 --> 00:20:00,160
and it does,
297
00:20:00,327 --> 00:20:02,761
then we lose
that chemical diversity,
298
00:20:02,927 --> 00:20:06,158
and we lose the opportunity
to discover new drugs.
299
00:20:13,287 --> 00:20:17,917
It's not just the deep that's
in danger, Shallow water habitats
300
00:20:18,087 --> 00:20:19,600
like coral reefs
301
00:20:19,767 --> 00:20:21,758
are having a hard time, too,
302
00:20:26,727 --> 00:20:30,402
Part of the problem
is the growing trade in reef fish,
303
00:20:30,567 --> 00:20:33,604
and it's often the market demand
for luxury fish
304
00:20:33,767 --> 00:20:37,919
like groupers, coral trout and
wrasse that's behind the problem,
305
00:20:38,087 --> 00:20:41,397
They're being fished out
at an alarming rate,
306
00:20:45,687 --> 00:20:48,679
Fish on coral reefs
that were once a staple food
307
00:20:48,847 --> 00:20:50,326
for local people,
308
00:20:50,487 --> 00:20:52,876
are now in high demand
as a delicacy
309
00:20:53,047 --> 00:20:55,515
in major cities around the world,
310
00:21:02,407 --> 00:21:04,716
The majority goes to mainland China
311
00:21:04,887 --> 00:21:06,798
and cities like Hong Kong,
312
00:21:07,167 --> 00:21:08,646
It's a huge market
313
00:21:08,807 --> 00:21:13,927
and some 30,000 tonnes of reef fish
come into Hong Kong every year,
314
00:21:17,327 --> 00:21:20,205
The fishermen are having to go
to coral reefs
315
00:21:20,367 --> 00:21:23,723
further and further afield
as stocks dry up,
316
00:21:23,887 --> 00:21:27,596
Some now travel 3,000 miles
on a single fishing trip
317
00:21:27,767 --> 00:21:29,359
to find reefs with fish,
318
00:21:30,527 --> 00:21:33,041
People like their fish fresh -
319
00:21:33,207 --> 00:21:34,686
very fresh,
320
00:21:34,847 --> 00:21:37,407
so much so
that the cost of live fish
321
00:21:37,567 --> 00:21:40,559
is ten times
the cost of fresh dead fish,
322
00:21:40,727 --> 00:21:44,959
and the fish in the marketplace
are getting smaller and smaller,
323
00:21:46,127 --> 00:21:50,564
Dr Yvonne Sadovy is worried about
the amount of juveniles sold here,
324
00:21:52,727 --> 00:21:55,400
This beautiful animal
is a humphead wrasse,
325
00:21:55,567 --> 00:21:59,480
and he's called humphead wrasse
because of his hump on his head.
326
00:21:59,647 --> 00:22:03,560
The other one is the giant grouper.
This is a giant grouper.
327
00:22:03,727 --> 00:22:05,638
There's several of them,
328
00:22:06,047 --> 00:22:08,038
and these are juveniles.
329
00:22:08,207 --> 00:22:10,596
This one is probably
a late teenager,
330
00:22:10,767 --> 00:22:13,600
but still not an old
or well-developed fish,
331
00:22:13,767 --> 00:22:16,725
and the majority
that we see of these species
332
00:22:16,887 --> 00:22:18,718
are young, juvenile fish.
333
00:22:19,687 --> 00:22:23,680
Humphead wrasse should be able
to live for more than 20 years,
334
00:22:23,847 --> 00:22:25,997
but they rarely reach that age,
335
00:22:26,167 --> 00:22:28,362
They're taken out far too young,
336
00:22:28,527 --> 00:22:32,805
If you have fisheries which take
large numbers of juveniles,
337
00:22:32,967 --> 00:22:36,118
these animals have not had
a chance to reproduce,
338
00:22:36,287 --> 00:22:39,597
so where's the next generation
going to come from?
339
00:22:41,447 --> 00:22:43,597
If you take too many juveniles,
340
00:22:43,767 --> 00:22:45,758
slowly what happens is
341
00:22:45,927 --> 00:22:49,237
you don't get enough adults
in the next generation,
342
00:22:49,407 --> 00:22:52,763
and slowly the populations
decline in numbers.
343
00:22:55,887 --> 00:22:57,878
So that's what my concern is,
344
00:22:58,047 --> 00:23:01,357
that if this is part of a trend -
345
00:23:01,527 --> 00:23:05,076
that we're seeing more
and more juveniles being taken -
346
00:23:05,247 --> 00:23:08,444
then that does not augur well
for these species.
347
00:23:08,607 --> 00:23:12,646
But much more serious than
the possible loss of a few species
348
00:23:12,807 --> 00:23:15,560
is the loss of an entire habitat,
349
00:23:15,727 --> 00:23:17,206
especially one
350
00:23:17,367 --> 00:23:21,406
which supports thousands
upon thousands of species,
351
00:23:26,287 --> 00:23:30,439
Coral reefs are the most diverse
communities in our oceans,
352
00:23:30,607 --> 00:23:33,758
Many of them have grown up
over hundreds,
353
00:23:33,927 --> 00:23:35,918
sometimes thousands of years,
354
00:23:36,087 --> 00:23:40,046
and over that time, a fantastic
number of animals and plants
355
00:23:40,207 --> 00:23:42,118
have evolved with them,
356
00:23:43,287 --> 00:23:46,882
The intricate structure
built by the corals themselves
357
00:23:47,047 --> 00:23:49,800
provides protection
from predators,
358
00:23:49,967 --> 00:23:54,245
important breeding sites,
and endless feeding opportunities,
359
00:24:15,687 --> 00:24:18,440
But now the coral itself
is under threat
360
00:24:18,607 --> 00:24:20,086
from man,
361
00:24:37,167 --> 00:24:39,556
Today, dynamiting is commonplace,
362
00:24:39,727 --> 00:24:42,719
It's an efficient way
to kill the nearby fish,,,
363
00:24:44,127 --> 00:24:47,915
but just one blast will completely
flatten a patch of reef,
364
00:24:50,087 --> 00:24:53,966
There are lots of other threats
to reef right across the world,
365
00:24:54,127 --> 00:24:57,961
Sometimes it's pollution,
they get covered by sediment,
366
00:24:58,127 --> 00:25:01,881
and global warming
is certainly playing its part, too,
367
00:25:03,167 --> 00:25:05,158
Here in south-east Asia,
368
00:25:05,327 --> 00:25:08,763
80 per cent of reefs
are either in danger of dying,
369
00:25:08,927 --> 00:25:10,406
or are dead.
370
00:25:10,567 --> 00:25:12,558
A lot of it's been dynamited,
371
00:25:12,727 --> 00:25:16,276
but now a more sinister method
of fishing is being used.
372
00:25:16,447 --> 00:25:18,438
It's fast, it's effective,
373
00:25:18,607 --> 00:25:20,598
but it's highly illegal.
374
00:25:20,767 --> 00:25:23,486
Fishermen are using
the poison cyanide.
375
00:25:25,047 --> 00:25:28,244
Fishermen squirt sodium cyanide
into crevices
376
00:25:28,407 --> 00:25:30,637
where fish take refuge,
377
00:25:31,367 --> 00:25:35,997
Cyanide starves the fish of oxygen,
so they come out into the open
378
00:25:36,167 --> 00:25:38,317
dazed and much easier to catch,
379
00:25:42,087 --> 00:25:44,885
Not all these fish are for food,
Many of them
380
00:25:45,047 --> 00:25:47,038
are for the aquarium trade,
381
00:25:47,207 --> 00:25:49,198
They're purely a luxury item,
382
00:25:54,727 --> 00:25:57,924
The corals themselves
die in just a few weeks,,,
383
00:25:59,047 --> 00:26:02,483
and the whole reef
becomes smothered in algae,
384
00:26:05,447 --> 00:26:07,438
That was a reconstruction,
385
00:26:07,607 --> 00:26:09,484
but this is real life,
386
00:26:09,647 --> 00:26:13,765
Members of the International Marine
Alliance in the Philippines
387
00:26:13,927 --> 00:26:16,521
are trying to save
their few remaining reefs,
388
00:26:16,687 --> 00:26:20,202
They suspect these men
have been fishing illegally,
389
00:26:20,367 --> 00:26:23,404
and want to find out
where they've been fishing,
390
00:26:23,567 --> 00:26:25,319
but the fishermen are wary,
391
00:26:29,087 --> 00:26:32,284
They are afraid to tell us
where the places are
392
00:26:32,447 --> 00:26:35,564
because there might be
some retaliation
393
00:26:35,727 --> 00:26:38,639
from the other villagers
in this village.
394
00:26:40,927 --> 00:26:42,838
They hide the bottles
395
00:26:43,007 --> 00:26:44,963
underneath the boat,
396
00:26:45,127 --> 00:26:48,756
and when...another boat approaches,
397
00:26:48,927 --> 00:26:50,724
they just ditch this
398
00:26:50,887 --> 00:26:52,923
so that nobody could see it.
399
00:26:54,127 --> 00:26:57,597
These men know
they could end up in jail,
400
00:26:58,087 --> 00:27:01,762
It's so hard to police
the coastal area of the Philippines
401
00:27:01,927 --> 00:27:05,124
because it's a very long
coastal area.
402
00:27:05,287 --> 00:27:07,278
Also, if you jail them,
403
00:27:07,447 --> 00:27:09,915
you don't have enough room in jail.
404
00:27:14,087 --> 00:27:16,965
We were taken to a jail
on the island of Koron,
405
00:27:18,687 --> 00:27:21,963
These men have been arrested
for illegal fishing,
406
00:27:22,127 --> 00:27:24,118
and they're awaiting trial,
407
00:27:24,287 --> 00:27:26,517
They've been locked up for months,
408
00:27:26,687 --> 00:27:29,599
but the trader, the middle man,
is still free,
409
00:27:33,087 --> 00:27:36,682
I don't think we can lump
all the blame on the fishermen,
410
00:27:36,847 --> 00:27:38,838
because first is that, er...
411
00:27:39,007 --> 00:27:41,316
they do not know anything better.
412
00:27:41,487 --> 00:27:43,557
They are afraid of being caught,
413
00:27:43,727 --> 00:27:47,561
but they say there's
no other method to catch fish.
414
00:27:50,287 --> 00:27:53,006
When they've been squirted
with cyanide,
415
00:27:53,167 --> 00:27:56,842
fish don't die immediately,
but the damage HAS been done
416
00:27:57,007 --> 00:28:00,044
and their internal organs
gradually pack up,
417
00:28:00,207 --> 00:28:02,596
The trader has to move them fast
418
00:28:02,767 --> 00:28:05,520
as they will die
in just a few weeks,
419
00:28:08,567 --> 00:28:12,958
Cruise is sure that the importers
know when cyanide has been used
420
00:28:13,127 --> 00:28:15,721
because the mortality rate
is so high,
421
00:28:15,887 --> 00:28:18,447
but they simply choose
to ignore it,
422
00:28:18,927 --> 00:28:21,236
An importer would know immediately
423
00:28:21,407 --> 00:28:24,399
that there's something wrong
with his fishes,
424
00:28:24,567 --> 00:28:26,558
but they keep on importing
425
00:28:26,727 --> 00:28:28,524
from the same exporter
426
00:28:28,687 --> 00:28:31,485
in the Philippines
or in other countries.
427
00:28:33,287 --> 00:28:35,278
The majority of tropical fish
428
00:28:35,447 --> 00:28:38,007
caught in Indonesia
and the Philippines
429
00:28:38,487 --> 00:28:40,921
are exported to America
and to the UK,
430
00:28:41,447 --> 00:28:45,599
Fortunately, responsible importers
like the owner of this shop
431
00:28:45,767 --> 00:28:49,077
refuse to buy fish
that have been caught by cyanide.
432
00:28:49,247 --> 00:28:51,886
A customer can't tell
how a fish was caught.
433
00:28:52,047 --> 00:28:55,835
The responsibility lies with us
to check with the shopkeeper.
434
00:28:57,007 --> 00:28:58,520
And if you don't,
435
00:28:58,687 --> 00:29:00,757
it may only take a couple of weeks
436
00:29:00,927 --> 00:29:02,918
before your ornamental fish
437
00:29:03,087 --> 00:29:05,965
is as dead as the reef
it came from,
438
00:29:07,487 --> 00:29:09,478
(BING CR0SBY) # Gone fishin'
439
00:29:11,487 --> 00:29:14,285
# By a shady, wady pool... #
440
00:29:14,447 --> 00:29:17,245
(L0US ARMSTR0NG)
# Shangri La, really la!
441
00:29:17,407 --> 00:29:19,682
# I'm wishin' I could be
442
00:29:19,847 --> 00:29:22,839
# That kind of fool
(Shall I twist your arm?)
443
00:29:23,007 --> 00:29:26,317
# I'd say no more work for mine
(Welcome to the club!)
444
00:29:26,487 --> 00:29:28,955
# 0n my door I'd hang a sign
445
00:29:29,127 --> 00:29:31,197
# Gone fishin'
446
00:29:33,247 --> 00:29:37,684
# Instead of just a-wishin'
447
00:29:38,407 --> 00:29:42,480
# Bah-boo-bah-bah-boo-bam...
448
00:29:42,647 --> 00:29:47,516
# 0h, yeah! #
449
00:30:04,687 --> 00:30:06,484
This abandoned net
450
00:30:06,647 --> 00:30:08,638
is made of tough nylon
451
00:30:08,807 --> 00:30:11,037
which won't easily disintegrate,
452
00:30:16,287 --> 00:30:17,800
If it isn't removed,
453
00:30:17,967 --> 00:30:21,198
it could carry on killing like this
for years to come,
454
00:30:27,407 --> 00:30:30,956
If one small net on one reef
can cause this much damage,
455
00:30:31,127 --> 00:30:34,244
imagine what fishing nets do
on a global scale,
456
00:30:34,407 --> 00:30:38,798
0ur fishing methods today ensure
that we catch more and more,
457
00:30:38,967 --> 00:30:41,401
but a lot of what is caught
is thrown away -
458
00:30:41,567 --> 00:30:43,956
simply chucked overboard,
459
00:30:44,127 --> 00:30:45,606
usually dead,
460
00:30:49,207 --> 00:30:51,482
Modern fisheries
are very destructive.
461
00:30:51,647 --> 00:30:54,366
They catch what they're after -
and everything else.
462
00:30:54,527 --> 00:30:56,358
The United Nations tells us
463
00:30:56,527 --> 00:30:59,997
that up to 30 million metric tonnes
a year are caught
464
00:31:00,167 --> 00:31:02,761
and then thrown overboard
dead or dying.
465
00:31:02,927 --> 00:31:07,318
That's one quarter to one third of
the annual catch around the world.
466
00:31:09,247 --> 00:31:12,683
I'm talking about not just
non-target fish species
467
00:31:12,847 --> 00:31:16,442
but turtles, marine mammals,
birds such as albatrosses,
468
00:31:16,607 --> 00:31:18,598
even whales on occasion.
469
00:31:32,727 --> 00:31:34,718
No matter how magnificent,
470
00:31:34,887 --> 00:31:36,479
no animal is spared
471
00:31:36,647 --> 00:31:38,365
in our hunt for food,
472
00:31:43,647 --> 00:31:45,877
But what's even more ridiculous,
473
00:31:46,047 --> 00:31:49,642
is that often the fish that
we would eat are thrown away
474
00:31:49,807 --> 00:31:52,879
if the boat is targeting
a different species,
475
00:31:54,727 --> 00:31:59,198
And there's one particular fishery
where the waste is phenomenal,
476
00:31:59,367 --> 00:32:01,085
Prawn or shrimp trawling
477
00:32:01,247 --> 00:32:04,398
is the most destructive fishery
in the world.
478
00:32:04,567 --> 00:32:08,276
Prawn or shrimp trawling
occurs throughout the tropics.
479
00:32:08,447 --> 00:32:12,156
The nets are dragged along
the bottom where the shrimp live.
480
00:32:12,327 --> 00:32:15,205
Those nets hoover up
everything in their path.
481
00:32:15,367 --> 00:32:18,757
Up to 15 pounds of other species
482
00:32:18,927 --> 00:32:20,406
are discarded
483
00:32:20,567 --> 00:32:23,559
for every one pound of shrimp
that's caught.
484
00:32:26,087 --> 00:32:30,842
Worse still are the quantities of
juvenile fish that get thrown away,
485
00:32:38,127 --> 00:32:41,676
Hundreds of thousands of tonnes
of young fish
486
00:32:41,847 --> 00:32:43,599
are discarded every year,
487
00:32:43,767 --> 00:32:45,758
fish that would otherwise grow
488
00:32:45,927 --> 00:32:49,203
to become an important
and valuable source of protein,
489
00:32:49,367 --> 00:32:50,880
And all this
490
00:32:51,047 --> 00:32:53,515
for just a handful of prawns,
491
00:32:54,687 --> 00:32:58,441
The fishermen recognise
the problem and asked for help,
492
00:32:58,607 --> 00:33:02,600
so Dr Steve Keneally is looking
at the prawn fishing industry
493
00:33:02,767 --> 00:33:05,201
in New South Wales, Australia,
494
00:33:08,287 --> 00:33:10,323
Here, the industry is huge,
495
00:33:10,487 --> 00:33:13,797
They catch over a thousand tonnes
of prawns a year,
496
00:33:20,087 --> 00:33:23,762
Keneally has invented
a bi-catch reduction device -
497
00:33:24,087 --> 00:33:25,486
a BRD -
498
00:33:25,647 --> 00:33:29,037
which lets smaller, immature fish
escape from the net,
499
00:33:29,207 --> 00:33:32,722
This cording gets towed along
at the back of the net,
500
00:33:32,887 --> 00:33:35,560
at the back
of the whole operation.
501
00:33:35,727 --> 00:33:39,925
The catch that enters a trawl net
ends up at the back of this bag.
502
00:33:40,087 --> 00:33:43,045
We did some trials and experiments
503
00:33:43,207 --> 00:33:47,678
and found that, at a certain
point where this material changes,
504
00:33:47,847 --> 00:33:50,281
you get a back pressure of water,
505
00:33:50,447 --> 00:33:53,325
and by putting
in open square meshes
506
00:33:53,487 --> 00:33:57,799
just at that point where that back
pressure of water is occurring,
507
00:33:57,967 --> 00:34:02,199
the water will flow up and out
through that square mesh panel.
508
00:34:02,367 --> 00:34:04,244
Little fish inside this net
509
00:34:04,407 --> 00:34:06,682
feel that back pressure of water
510
00:34:06,847 --> 00:34:08,838
and immediately head upwards
511
00:34:09,007 --> 00:34:11,760
and out through
the open square mesh panel.
512
00:34:13,287 --> 00:34:16,677
Keneally is experimenting
with two different nets,
513
00:34:16,847 --> 00:34:20,396
This first one is
a conventional prawn fishing net,
514
00:34:22,287 --> 00:34:25,120
0K, this is the catch
from the control cording -
515
00:34:25,287 --> 00:34:28,836
that is the conventional cording
without any BRD in it.
516
00:34:29,007 --> 00:34:33,159
As you can see, there's quite a lot
of small fish in the catch,
517
00:34:33,327 --> 00:34:38,037
and, hopefully, in the other
cording with the BRD installed
518
00:34:38,207 --> 00:34:40,198
there'll be a lot less fish
519
00:34:40,367 --> 00:34:42,881
and still the same quantity
of prawns.
520
00:34:43,047 --> 00:34:46,642
This is the net with his bi-catch
reduction device in it,
521
00:34:46,807 --> 00:34:51,597
It's immediately obvious that fewer
fish have been accidentally caught,
522
00:34:55,087 --> 00:34:57,681
So that's the difference
in bi-catch.
523
00:34:57,847 --> 00:35:00,281
Most of the smaller fish
have escaped,
524
00:35:00,447 --> 00:35:03,200
so at least they should have
a chance to breed,
525
00:35:03,367 --> 00:35:06,040
You just have to look
with your own eyes
526
00:35:06,207 --> 00:35:07,640
and there's no doubt
527
00:35:07,807 --> 00:35:11,959
that there's a 60 per cent
reduction or more in bi-catch.
528
00:35:12,127 --> 00:35:16,086
Keneally's device has gone
a long way to reducing the waste,,,
529
00:35:17,687 --> 00:35:20,565
but he knows that
it's not the whole answer,
530
00:35:20,727 --> 00:35:23,321
I don't think we can ever have
a situation
531
00:35:23,487 --> 00:35:26,877
where we only catch the things
we're trying to catch.
532
00:35:27,047 --> 00:35:29,720
With just about
every fishing method,
533
00:35:29,887 --> 00:35:34,244
you're going to catch undersized
organisms of the target species.
534
00:35:35,647 --> 00:35:39,196
To get to the position
where we don't catch any bi-catch
535
00:35:39,367 --> 00:35:40,846
for prawn and shrimp,
536
00:35:41,007 --> 00:35:43,680
I don't think we'll ever get
to that point,
537
00:35:43,847 --> 00:35:46,566
at least not
in the foreseeable future.
538
00:35:48,927 --> 00:35:50,406
But there is possibly
539
00:35:50,567 --> 00:35:52,046
another way -
540
00:35:52,207 --> 00:35:54,846
one where there may be
no bi-catch at all,
541
00:35:55,007 --> 00:35:58,204
It's fish farming or aqua culture,
542
00:35:58,367 --> 00:36:01,518
Already it's producing
huge quantities of fish,
543
00:36:06,527 --> 00:36:09,041
Could fish farming be the solution?
544
00:36:09,207 --> 00:36:13,120
At the moment, one in every
four fish that we eat is farmed,
545
00:36:13,287 --> 00:36:17,360
but over the next 25 years,
it's thought that figure will double
546
00:36:17,527 --> 00:36:20,200
so that half the fish
we eat will be farmed.
547
00:36:20,367 --> 00:36:24,201
So is this the answer? Can we
really protect our fish stocks,
548
00:36:24,367 --> 00:36:27,279
the juveniles,
the fragile marine habitats?
549
00:36:27,447 --> 00:36:30,996
Is fish farming the solution
to all our fishing problems?
550
00:36:33,647 --> 00:36:37,925
If aqua culture is one of
the answers, then surely the people
551
00:36:38,087 --> 00:36:41,716
with the highest incentive
to get it right are the Japanese,
552
00:36:41,887 --> 00:36:45,084
They're already very advanced
in farming fish,
553
00:36:45,247 --> 00:36:49,763
They're even trying to raise
large predatory fish like tuna,
554
00:36:49,927 --> 00:36:52,077
and in particular, blue fin tuna,
555
00:36:52,767 --> 00:36:55,042
Here in Koshimoto in western Japan,
556
00:36:55,207 --> 00:36:56,879
they're going for broke.
557
00:36:58,487 --> 00:37:01,479
Swimming around beneath me
in this enclosure,
558
00:37:01,647 --> 00:37:04,161
there are 50 fully mature
blue fin tuna,
559
00:37:06,327 --> 00:37:08,477
These tuna were caught in the wild
560
00:37:08,647 --> 00:37:12,845
and are now being fattened up
for market, They're fed generously
561
00:37:13,007 --> 00:37:16,556
so they'll be in prime adult
condition when they're sold,
562
00:37:18,727 --> 00:37:21,958
Here they've taken tuna farming
to the next stage,
563
00:37:22,127 --> 00:37:24,083
They're not just holding them,
564
00:37:24,247 --> 00:37:26,442
they're breeding these blue fins,
565
00:37:26,607 --> 00:37:30,725
They hope that these fish
will breed in three years' time,
566
00:37:30,887 --> 00:37:34,846
and so complete
the whole life cycle in captivity,
567
00:37:35,007 --> 00:37:37,237
Then, they won't have to take
568
00:37:37,407 --> 00:37:40,444
any more blue fin tuna
from our oceans,
569
00:37:45,407 --> 00:37:50,037
(INTERPRETER) Japan is the largest
tuna consuming nation in the world.
570
00:37:52,407 --> 00:37:56,002
And we're also very concerned
about diminishing stocks
571
00:37:56,167 --> 00:37:58,158
of blue fin tuna in the wild.
572
00:38:01,287 --> 00:38:04,757
Aqua culture has its own set
of well-known problems,
573
00:38:04,927 --> 00:38:06,724
Most worrying are pollution
574
00:38:06,887 --> 00:38:10,084
and the mixing of captive-bred fish
with wild stocks,
575
00:38:12,087 --> 00:38:13,884
But there's another issue,
576
00:38:16,007 --> 00:38:20,159
These tuna are fed a staggering
amount of fish every day,
577
00:38:21,927 --> 00:38:24,600
They're being fed valuable protein
578
00:38:24,767 --> 00:38:28,555
which should be food
for the poorer people of Asia,,,
579
00:38:29,207 --> 00:38:33,086
so now the Japanese are trying
to develop a substitute feed
580
00:38:33,247 --> 00:38:36,762
either from vegetable matter
or from animal products,
581
00:38:36,927 --> 00:38:38,406
(SPEAKS JAPANESE)
582
00:38:38,567 --> 00:38:41,798
(INTERPRETER) And we hope
further development
583
00:38:41,967 --> 00:38:46,245
will enable us to use
more artificial feed in the future.
584
00:38:52,167 --> 00:38:54,476
But they haven't succeeded yet,
585
00:38:54,647 --> 00:38:58,879
and they still take huge quantities
of low value fish
586
00:38:59,047 --> 00:39:02,084
to feed one big luxury fish,
587
00:39:05,767 --> 00:39:08,884
In other parts of Asia
which are poorer than Japan
588
00:39:09,047 --> 00:39:11,800
and where fish stocks
are heavily depleted,
589
00:39:11,967 --> 00:39:14,527
they are also turning
to aqua culture,
590
00:39:20,087 --> 00:39:23,079
And tiger prawns
are the biggest money earner,
591
00:39:23,247 --> 00:39:26,956
More than half a million tonnes
of prawns are produced a year,
592
00:39:27,127 --> 00:39:29,561
nearly all of which are exported,
593
00:39:29,727 --> 00:39:32,799
It's big business
and it employs a lot of people,
594
00:39:34,687 --> 00:39:38,157
But just like tuna,
the prawns are carnivorous
595
00:39:38,327 --> 00:39:42,206
and need to eat fish - fish
that have been ground into pellets,
596
00:39:42,367 --> 00:39:45,757
When they're farmed
as intensively as they are here,
597
00:39:46,327 --> 00:39:48,283
they need a lot of feed,
598
00:39:48,447 --> 00:39:49,926
If you have, er...
599
00:39:50,087 --> 00:39:55,081
three square metres of pond for
one tiger prawn, that's extensive -
600
00:39:55,247 --> 00:39:57,238
nature will feed the prawn -
601
00:39:57,407 --> 00:39:59,716
but if you have 30 of them
602
00:39:59,887 --> 00:40:01,923
in one square metre,
603
00:40:02,087 --> 00:40:04,760
then you have to provide
some kind of food.
604
00:40:04,927 --> 00:40:08,556
I think the latest figures
are about two -
605
00:40:08,727 --> 00:40:10,718
two kilos of fish -
606
00:40:10,887 --> 00:40:12,479
to produce
607
00:40:12,647 --> 00:40:14,603
one kilo of prawn.
608
00:40:16,287 --> 00:40:19,882
Substitute feeds may help,
but they could come too late,
609
00:40:20,047 --> 00:40:23,483
In the meantime,
low value fish are fed to prawns
610
00:40:23,647 --> 00:40:26,161
which are then exported
to the West,
611
00:40:26,327 --> 00:40:29,080
These fish should be feeding
local people,
612
00:40:30,167 --> 00:40:31,680
It's the...
613
00:40:31,847 --> 00:40:33,997
little fish that's there
614
00:40:34,167 --> 00:40:39,719
that's being bought by...people,
by Filipino families for their food,
615
00:40:39,887 --> 00:40:43,197
by low income families
and middle income families,
616
00:40:43,367 --> 00:40:45,517
that will not be available
to these families.
617
00:40:48,767 --> 00:40:50,598
But there's another issue,
618
00:40:50,767 --> 00:40:54,601
Thousands of intensive farms
have been built in coastal areas,
619
00:40:54,767 --> 00:40:58,476
destroying a valuable marine
habitat - mangrove forests,
620
00:41:01,287 --> 00:41:03,403
Mile upon mile of mangroves
621
00:41:03,567 --> 00:41:05,603
have been cut down,
622
00:41:08,407 --> 00:41:12,320
The coastline has been stripped
of its natural protection,
623
00:41:13,487 --> 00:41:17,924
And there are many important
ecological reasons why mangroves
624
00:41:18,087 --> 00:41:20,078
should be protected,
625
00:41:20,247 --> 00:41:23,922
To many people, mangroves
are just a mass of gnarled roots
626
00:41:24,087 --> 00:41:28,000
where the bottom is sludgy,
and the air is full of mosquitoes,
627
00:41:28,167 --> 00:41:29,680
but get underwater,
628
00:41:29,847 --> 00:41:31,917
and it's a very different world.
629
00:41:38,967 --> 00:41:44,041
The intricate root system provides
a natural nursery for young fish,
630
00:41:44,207 --> 00:41:47,961
They spend their later life
on coral reefs or in the open sea,
631
00:41:48,127 --> 00:41:51,039
The roots provide protection
from predators
632
00:41:51,207 --> 00:41:54,324
which is vital
for small, vulnerable fish,
633
00:41:58,207 --> 00:42:00,004
In the shelter of mangroves,
634
00:42:00,167 --> 00:42:03,159
fish can feed and grow
in relative safety,
635
00:42:07,327 --> 00:42:10,478
Again, it's the habitat
that's under threat,
636
00:42:10,647 --> 00:42:12,126
We're destroying it
637
00:42:12,287 --> 00:42:15,962
without a thought for the animals
that depend on it,
638
00:42:19,607 --> 00:42:23,486
Perhaps the answer might be
to set aside some areas of the sea
639
00:42:23,647 --> 00:42:27,435
so that the animals that live there
have a chance,
640
00:42:28,887 --> 00:42:31,196
When land animals need protecting,
641
00:42:31,367 --> 00:42:33,676
we usually do something about it -
642
00:42:33,847 --> 00:42:37,396
the huge game reserves in Africa
are a classic example -
643
00:42:37,567 --> 00:42:41,162
but for some reason,
we treat our seas very differently.
644
00:42:41,327 --> 00:42:45,081
This is the island of Skomer,
a very beautiful reserve
645
00:42:45,247 --> 00:42:47,602
that offers excellent protection
646
00:42:47,767 --> 00:42:50,201
for the birds and plants
that live here.
647
00:42:50,367 --> 00:42:53,279
It also calls itself
a marine nature reserve,
648
00:42:53,447 --> 00:42:55,881
one of only two
in the whole of Britain.
649
00:42:56,327 --> 00:43:00,081
You'd think a marine reserve
would offer total protection
650
00:43:00,247 --> 00:43:02,044
for all life under the sea,
651
00:43:02,207 --> 00:43:04,357
but amazingly, you can fish here.
652
00:43:04,527 --> 00:43:07,405
Even commercial fishermen
can operate here.
653
00:43:09,087 --> 00:43:11,157
In the time of our grandfathers,
654
00:43:11,327 --> 00:43:15,878
there were natural marine reserves,
inaccessible to fishing fleets,
655
00:43:16,047 --> 00:43:19,437
There, the fish could grow
to maturity undisturbed,
656
00:43:19,607 --> 00:43:21,996
But with modern fishing technology,
657
00:43:22,167 --> 00:43:25,239
there's practically nowhere
we now can't fish,
658
00:43:25,407 --> 00:43:28,205
0nly a tiny percentage of the ocean
659
00:43:28,367 --> 00:43:30,164
is a safe sanctuary,
660
00:43:31,287 --> 00:43:34,996
Something like one third
of one per cent of the oceans
661
00:43:35,207 --> 00:43:37,596
are within marine-protected areas.
662
00:43:37,767 --> 00:43:39,758
That's a very tiny fraction
663
00:43:39,927 --> 00:43:44,000
and it's equivalent to something
like the size of South Africa.
664
00:43:44,167 --> 00:43:49,002
However, we're not protecting those
areas well enough at the moment,
665
00:43:49,167 --> 00:43:51,158
and only something like
666
00:43:51,327 --> 00:43:54,319
one ten thousandth of the surface
of the oceans
667
00:43:54,487 --> 00:43:57,001
is protected
from all forms of fishing.
668
00:43:57,167 --> 00:44:01,604
That's equivalent to the size of
Holland and it isn't nearly enough.
669
00:44:02,767 --> 00:44:06,601
Roberts wants areas set aside
which are T0TALLYprotected,
670
00:44:07,327 --> 00:44:10,478
There are some small areas
where they've done this
671
00:44:10,647 --> 00:44:14,606
like this reserve off
the north island of New Zealand,
672
00:44:16,687 --> 00:44:20,441
Since fishing stopped 25 years ago,
the stocks have recovered
673
00:44:20,607 --> 00:44:23,644
and the water is now teeming
with fish,
674
00:44:30,487 --> 00:44:33,638
And it's not just fish -
everything's doing well,
675
00:44:33,807 --> 00:44:35,684
Lobsters are abundant again,
676
00:44:35,847 --> 00:44:37,997
and they're getting a lot bigger,
677
00:44:39,167 --> 00:44:41,601
Scientists monitor stocks carefully
678
00:44:41,767 --> 00:44:45,999
and keep a close eye on how all the
animals in the reserve are doing,
679
00:44:46,167 --> 00:44:48,476
This five-kilometre-wide reserve
680
00:44:48,647 --> 00:44:50,877
produces the same number
of lobsters
681
00:44:51,047 --> 00:44:54,437
as a 100-kilometre stretch
of unprotected coastline,
682
00:44:56,487 --> 00:45:00,196
Fishermen are allowed to fish
right up to the boundaries,
683
00:45:00,367 --> 00:45:03,677
The lobsters are now so abundant
within the reserve
684
00:45:03,847 --> 00:45:05,758
that they spread out
685
00:45:05,927 --> 00:45:07,918
into the surrounding waters,
686
00:45:08,087 --> 00:45:12,205
(R0BERTS) So what these
no-take zones provide to fisheries
687
00:45:12,807 --> 00:45:16,402
is an increase in the replenishment
to their fisheries.
688
00:45:16,567 --> 00:45:20,560
The spawning stocks are
like deposits in a bank account.
689
00:45:22,727 --> 00:45:25,480
Even the behaviour of the fish
has changed,
690
00:45:26,487 --> 00:45:31,163
0nce scared of man, the fish
are perhaps a little over-friendlyI
691
00:45:35,127 --> 00:45:39,120
Roberts believes that between
ten and 20 per cent of our oceans
692
00:45:39,287 --> 00:45:41,357
should become no-take zones,
693
00:45:41,527 --> 00:45:43,961
and that we should protect
large areas
694
00:45:44,127 --> 00:45:46,118
of different marine habitats -
695
00:45:46,287 --> 00:45:48,721
the deep sea, coral reefs,
mangroves,
696
00:45:48,887 --> 00:45:51,082
as well as key spawning grounds,
697
00:45:51,247 --> 00:45:54,603
That way, fish can grow bigger
and older
698
00:45:54,767 --> 00:45:56,758
and stocks will recover,
699
00:46:00,447 --> 00:46:01,926
He also believes
700
00:46:02,087 --> 00:46:06,239
that migration routes and feeding
grounds should be protected,
701
00:46:06,407 --> 00:46:10,480
particularly the routes taken
by the largest marine animals -
702
00:46:11,647 --> 00:46:15,003
the whales -
as they circumnavigate the globe,
703
00:46:23,727 --> 00:46:25,206
It's a simple idea,
704
00:46:25,367 --> 00:46:28,916
and one that Roberts believes,
with the public's help,
705
00:46:29,087 --> 00:46:30,725
is possible,
706
00:46:30,887 --> 00:46:33,447
0nce people realise
what's going on,
707
00:46:33,607 --> 00:46:36,121
and they begin
to bring to bear pressure
708
00:46:36,287 --> 00:46:38,960
on the politicians
and decision-makers,
709
00:46:39,127 --> 00:46:42,563
we'll see moves taking place
to establish the areas
710
00:46:42,727 --> 00:46:45,287
that we need to set aside
from fishing.
711
00:46:47,687 --> 00:46:50,599
We CAN make that choice,
We've done it before -
712
00:46:50,767 --> 00:46:54,237
we brought back the great whales
from near extinction,
713
00:46:54,407 --> 00:46:58,161
Most of them can live free
from the threat of a whaling boat -
714
00:46:58,327 --> 00:47:01,000
but it took
international co-operation,
715
00:47:01,167 --> 00:47:04,318
and that only came about
once the public realised
716
00:47:04,487 --> 00:47:07,604
how close the whales were
to being wiped out.
717
00:47:15,327 --> 00:47:17,557
Whaling was a huge industry
718
00:47:17,727 --> 00:47:19,763
right up until the 1970s,
719
00:47:20,927 --> 00:47:24,158
Some species nearly disappeared
from our oceans,,,
720
00:47:24,327 --> 00:47:25,806
altogether,
721
00:47:26,767 --> 00:47:28,758
We recognised this just in time,
722
00:47:28,927 --> 00:47:30,918
so we did something about it,
723
00:47:38,887 --> 00:47:41,799
We do now know what's happening
in our oceans,
724
00:47:41,967 --> 00:47:45,198
We know they're in trouble
and that we're to blame.
725
00:47:45,367 --> 00:47:46,846
We can't hide
726
00:47:47,007 --> 00:47:50,397
behind an out of sight,
out of mind attitude any more.
727
00:47:50,567 --> 00:47:52,558
We know what's down there -
728
00:47:52,727 --> 00:47:55,161
the extraordinary diversity
of life.
729
00:47:55,327 --> 00:47:57,318
0ur oceans are S0 precious,
730
00:47:57,487 --> 00:47:59,478
so vital to the planet.
731
00:47:59,647 --> 00:48:01,683
If we care about that,
732
00:48:01,847 --> 00:48:04,520
then, surely,
we can look after them.