1 00:00:40,367 --> 00:00:44,883 It's only in the last 50 years, with the invention of the aqualung 2 00:00:45,047 --> 00:00:48,517 that we've gone underwater to see what lives there, 3 00:01:07,087 --> 00:01:09,078 We all love dolphins, 4 00:01:09,727 --> 00:01:12,799 They're the playful, popular face of the ocean, 5 00:01:16,727 --> 00:01:20,037 But most of what lives underwater is out of sight, 6 00:01:21,087 --> 00:01:22,600 and so, out of mind, 7 00:01:23,087 --> 00:01:25,999 Even in the 20 years that I've been diving, 8 00:01:26,167 --> 00:01:28,840 there have been big changes in our seas, 9 00:01:30,087 --> 00:01:34,160 It's clear that our oceans are now in real danger, 10 00:01:44,087 --> 00:01:47,875 Flying over miles and miles of ocean, you get the impression 11 00:01:48,047 --> 00:01:49,878 that things aren't too bad, 12 00:01:50,047 --> 00:01:54,120 but below the surface there's a multitude of man-made problems, 13 00:01:55,687 --> 00:01:59,362 0f all of them, probably the most destructive is fishing, 14 00:01:59,527 --> 00:02:02,997 and it's the WAY we catch fish that's the problem, 15 00:02:13,087 --> 00:02:15,965 Blue fin tuna, king of the sea, 16 00:02:16,127 --> 00:02:19,358 They are exquisitely designed for the open ocean, 17 00:02:20,207 --> 00:02:22,960 They can grow up to three-quarters of a tonne, 18 00:02:23,127 --> 00:02:25,118 and can swim at 50 miles an hour, 19 00:02:25,287 --> 00:02:28,085 faster than any other creature in the sea,,, 20 00:02:29,247 --> 00:02:30,680 apart from us, 21 00:02:32,207 --> 00:02:35,483 They have few natural predators when fully grown, 22 00:02:35,647 --> 00:02:39,879 It is believed that these blue fin are now endangered, 23 00:02:40,047 --> 00:02:43,562 There's no place in the ocean where we can't pursue them, 24 00:02:43,727 --> 00:02:45,957 They just can't escape us, 25 00:02:47,567 --> 00:02:50,161 Fishing has become incredibly hi-tech, 26 00:02:50,327 --> 00:02:53,558 so much so that we can pretty much capture anything 27 00:02:53,727 --> 00:02:55,718 anywhere in the world nowadays. 28 00:02:55,887 --> 00:02:59,277 These blue fin tuna boats beneath me have every mod con. 29 00:02:59,447 --> 00:03:03,804 They have incredibly big engines, use depth sounders, GPS, 30 00:03:03,967 --> 00:03:07,880 and they even have spotter planes spotting the fish for them. 31 00:03:08,047 --> 00:03:11,437 I got about eight fish over here. They just went down. 32 00:03:11,607 --> 00:03:13,598 They're on my left side. 33 00:03:17,007 --> 00:03:20,716 So the blue fin tuna, travelling at 50 miles an hour, 34 00:03:20,887 --> 00:03:22,559 hasn't got much of a chance, 35 00:03:22,727 --> 00:03:26,356 The moment it comes to the surface, somebody will spot it. 36 00:03:28,807 --> 00:03:32,356 Go at 12 o'clock. Five or six boats. 37 00:03:33,927 --> 00:03:38,159 Here they're being hunted on one of their major migration routes, 38 00:03:39,167 --> 00:03:42,239 It's thought they swim from the Gulf of Mexico 39 00:03:42,407 --> 00:03:46,195 up the eastern seaboard of the U,S, to Canada each summer, 40 00:03:46,767 --> 00:03:48,962 Their routes are so predictable, 41 00:03:49,127 --> 00:03:51,687 that they can be caught year after year, 42 00:03:57,967 --> 00:04:01,198 While these fisherman are still catching them, 43 00:04:01,367 --> 00:04:03,517 scientists are tagging the fish, 44 00:04:03,687 --> 00:04:07,236 trying to discover how many separate populations there are, 45 00:04:07,407 --> 00:04:09,204 what their movements are, 46 00:04:09,367 --> 00:04:11,562 and just how many fish are left, 47 00:04:14,287 --> 00:04:17,882 Marine scientist and keen sports fisherman Carl Safina 48 00:04:18,047 --> 00:04:20,197 fishes off Long Island, New York, 49 00:04:21,087 --> 00:04:22,964 He loves fishing for blue fin, 50 00:04:23,127 --> 00:04:25,925 but these days he has to target other species, 51 00:04:26,087 --> 00:04:28,681 I've been fishing off shore since I was 12 52 00:04:28,847 --> 00:04:30,838 with my fathers and my uncles, 53 00:04:31,007 --> 00:04:33,441 and we used to see lots of blue fin tuna - 54 00:04:33,607 --> 00:04:36,565 a lot of small ones and a lot of big ones. 55 00:04:37,287 --> 00:04:40,359 Now, er...there are so few tuna, 56 00:04:40,527 --> 00:04:43,883 that people...sport fish for sharks now. 57 00:04:48,647 --> 00:04:51,036 Safina is so concerned by this decline 58 00:04:51,207 --> 00:04:55,086 that he's campaigning with the National Audubon Society 59 00:04:55,247 --> 00:04:57,363 to try and save these tuna, 60 00:04:57,807 --> 00:05:02,039 What we do know about blue fins in the western part of the Atlantic - 61 00:05:02,207 --> 00:05:05,279 the part of the Atlantic off the U.S. and Canada - 62 00:05:05,447 --> 00:05:09,486 is that, er...from the mid 1970s 63 00:05:09,647 --> 00:05:11,524 until the late 1990s, 64 00:05:11,687 --> 00:05:13,723 the population has declined 65 00:05:13,887 --> 00:05:15,559 by roughly 85 per cent. 66 00:05:15,727 --> 00:05:19,481 In New England, where most of the Western Atlantic blue fin 67 00:05:19,647 --> 00:05:21,638 are caught commercially, 68 00:05:21,807 --> 00:05:25,482 fishermen just don't believe these government figures, 69 00:05:26,287 --> 00:05:29,359 They claim there are mistakes in the analysis, 70 00:05:29,527 --> 00:05:32,166 so they're naturally very sceptical 71 00:05:32,327 --> 00:05:35,160 about the quotas the government imposes, 72 00:05:35,327 --> 00:05:38,080 Scientific research in the ocean is expensive, 73 00:05:38,247 --> 00:05:42,126 and the politics surrounding this fish are complicated, 74 00:05:43,047 --> 00:05:45,242 but one thing is indisputable - 75 00:05:45,407 --> 00:05:48,558 these fish sell for vast amounts of money, 76 00:05:49,487 --> 00:05:53,400 (SAFINA) The blue fin tuna was worth a few cents a pound 77 00:05:53,567 --> 00:05:56,081 and often sold as cat food 78 00:05:56,247 --> 00:05:58,238 until some people realised 79 00:05:58,407 --> 00:06:00,796 that if they airlifted them to Japan - 80 00:06:00,967 --> 00:06:03,481 if they sent them to Japan in airplanes - 81 00:06:03,647 --> 00:06:06,161 the price would go from a few cents 82 00:06:06,327 --> 00:06:08,318 to many dollars per pound. 83 00:06:13,127 --> 00:06:17,882 Tsukiji market in Tokyo is the biggest fish market in the world, 84 00:06:22,887 --> 00:06:25,924 Before I came to Japan, I'd heard a lot about it 85 00:06:26,087 --> 00:06:29,238 but I just wasn't prepared for the scale of it, 86 00:06:29,967 --> 00:06:32,800 This warehouse is just the frozen section, 87 00:06:32,967 --> 00:06:36,880 In another section, there are rows and rows of fresh tuna, 88 00:06:37,047 --> 00:06:41,279 and amongst these are a frightening quantity of blue fin, 89 00:06:54,767 --> 00:06:59,318 The Japanese are by far the biggest importers of blue fin tuna 90 00:06:59,487 --> 00:07:01,478 in the world, 91 00:07:01,647 --> 00:07:03,638 This is big business. 92 00:07:03,807 --> 00:07:06,241 These blue fin are fetching £60 a kilo, 93 00:07:06,407 --> 00:07:08,398 so in today's auction, 94 00:07:08,567 --> 00:07:11,684 a dealer would expect to get £12,000 95 00:07:11,847 --> 00:07:13,838 for this one fish alone. 96 00:07:14,007 --> 00:07:16,077 But the market fluctuates madly, 97 00:07:16,247 --> 00:07:18,761 and some blue fin here 98 00:07:18,927 --> 00:07:21,077 have fetched more than £100,000, 99 00:07:38,287 --> 00:07:42,439 Tuna fisherman don't accept the blue fin numbers are right down, 100 00:07:42,607 --> 00:07:45,838 but most scientists firmly believe that they are, 101 00:07:46,407 --> 00:07:50,320 Many people want blue fin tuna listed as CITES Appendix I, 102 00:07:50,487 --> 00:07:53,877 in other words, a total ban on all fishing of them. 103 00:07:54,047 --> 00:07:55,526 Unless this is done, 104 00:07:55,687 --> 00:07:59,600 there is no way that those involved in the market will give up - 105 00:07:59,767 --> 00:08:01,962 there's too much in it for them. 106 00:08:05,087 --> 00:08:07,521 This market is not just about tuna, 107 00:08:07,687 --> 00:08:10,599 There's every conceivable type of fish here, 108 00:08:18,727 --> 00:08:21,719 Nearly 50 per cent of the food eaten in Japan 109 00:08:21,887 --> 00:08:23,878 comes from the sea, 110 00:08:24,047 --> 00:08:27,596 compared with the world's average of about 15 per cent. 111 00:08:27,767 --> 00:08:32,158 They eat enormous quantities of fish, of every species imaginable, 112 00:08:32,327 --> 00:08:35,558 but unfortunately, some of those species are in deep trouble. 113 00:08:38,887 --> 00:08:40,366 This is a swordfish, 114 00:08:40,527 --> 00:08:44,839 In the Atlantic, its numbers have more than halved since the 1960s, 115 00:08:45,007 --> 00:08:48,238 and many restaurants have now taken it off the menu, 116 00:08:49,607 --> 00:08:52,758 Marlin are a favourite amongst game fishermen, 117 00:08:52,927 --> 00:08:55,566 and some species are down by 90 per cent, 118 00:09:01,047 --> 00:09:04,357 While shark meat is on sale in many Japanese markets, 119 00:09:04,527 --> 00:09:07,758 by far the biggest trade is in shark fins, 120 00:09:07,927 --> 00:09:10,236 and that trade is Asia-wide, 121 00:09:11,087 --> 00:09:14,045 About 100 million sharks 122 00:09:14,207 --> 00:09:16,198 are caught every year, 123 00:09:17,047 --> 00:09:19,641 Admittedly, this IS the biggest market, 124 00:09:19,807 --> 00:09:23,117 but there are hundreds of markets all over the world 125 00:09:23,287 --> 00:09:25,437 selling huge quantities of fish, 126 00:09:25,607 --> 00:09:28,963 and it's not just one day a week, it's day after day. 127 00:09:29,127 --> 00:09:32,483 You might find some really strange creatures here, 128 00:09:32,647 --> 00:09:35,241 ones which are totally unfamiliar to us, 129 00:09:35,407 --> 00:09:39,002 but it's often the more common species that are threatened, 130 00:09:39,167 --> 00:09:41,556 and those you can find on sale at home. 131 00:09:43,727 --> 00:09:45,843 This is Billingsgate Market, 132 00:09:46,007 --> 00:09:48,282 the largest fish market in London, 133 00:09:48,647 --> 00:09:52,322 Here you can buy all the familiar fish which we love to eat, 134 00:09:52,487 --> 00:09:57,356 but in the UK, we're eating fish whose stocks are dangerously low, 135 00:09:59,007 --> 00:10:02,841 Most of us have no idea that these fish are in trouble, 136 00:10:03,007 --> 00:10:05,396 even the most common ones such as cod, 137 00:10:06,447 --> 00:10:10,645 At the moment, the worst problem is with cod in the Irish Sea 138 00:10:10,807 --> 00:10:14,800 which is really in a very, very depressed state indeed. 139 00:10:16,287 --> 00:10:20,075 The north-east Arctic stock off the coast of Norway 140 00:10:20,247 --> 00:10:21,999 is not in very good shape. 141 00:10:22,167 --> 00:10:26,126 The Canadian stock and the North Sea stock are not in good shape. 142 00:10:26,287 --> 00:10:30,565 About the only one that's doing reasonably well is in Iceland. 143 00:10:30,727 --> 00:10:33,480 And if that one goes the same way, 144 00:10:33,647 --> 00:10:35,638 there will be no Atlantic cod. 145 00:10:35,807 --> 00:10:38,924 There simply will not be any cod for sale. 146 00:10:42,247 --> 00:10:45,523 So is this a normal size for a cod these days? 147 00:10:45,687 --> 00:10:47,564 That's an average size, yeah. 148 00:10:47,727 --> 00:10:52,005 (SHEPHERD ) When you buy fish in the supermarket or fish and chip shop, 149 00:10:52,167 --> 00:10:54,397 as a consumer you have no way to tell 150 00:10:54,567 --> 00:10:58,640 whether this is from a stock that is overfished or that isn't. 151 00:10:58,807 --> 00:11:02,959 - These are from the North Sea? - Yeah, they're Scottish. 152 00:11:03,127 --> 00:11:05,436 We know that fish stocks do collapse 153 00:11:05,607 --> 00:11:07,598 and sometimes they recover - 154 00:11:07,767 --> 00:11:10,201 the herring collapsed and recovered. 155 00:11:10,367 --> 00:11:13,837 A stock of mackerel in the North Sea in the 60s and 70s 156 00:11:14,007 --> 00:11:18,319 collapsed under very heavy fishing pressure by purse-seiners, 157 00:11:18,487 --> 00:11:20,284 and it has not come back. 158 00:11:20,447 --> 00:11:22,358 In 30 years, it has not come back. 159 00:11:23,527 --> 00:11:26,166 Sole and plaice are fully exploited 160 00:11:26,807 --> 00:11:30,482 and could not sustain any further fishing pressure. 161 00:11:30,647 --> 00:11:32,956 The herring also is fully exploited. 162 00:11:33,127 --> 00:11:35,083 There's no room for expansion. 163 00:11:36,247 --> 00:11:39,762 Now, with so much fishing pressure in surface waters, 164 00:11:39,927 --> 00:11:44,159 fishermen are going deeper and deeper to find fish for the market. 165 00:11:44,327 --> 00:11:48,639 We're seeing things here that we'd never have heard of 20 years ago. 166 00:11:49,007 --> 00:11:51,316 This is a black scabbard 167 00:11:51,487 --> 00:11:53,921 and it lives at about 1,000 metres. 168 00:11:54,087 --> 00:11:56,999 So are these fish in trouble? It's hard to say, 169 00:11:57,167 --> 00:12:00,557 because like everything else that lives in the deep, 170 00:12:00,727 --> 00:12:02,718 very little is known about it. 171 00:12:02,887 --> 00:12:06,482 Scientists don't really know what's going on down there, 172 00:12:06,647 --> 00:12:09,480 and they're only just beginning to find out, 173 00:12:12,687 --> 00:12:14,484 Scientists from Tasmania 174 00:12:14,647 --> 00:12:17,002 are now using hi-tech cameras 175 00:12:17,167 --> 00:12:18,759 mounted on submersibles 176 00:12:18,927 --> 00:12:22,124 to study the effects of fishing on the deep sea, 177 00:12:23,767 --> 00:12:25,598 0nly in the last 30 years 178 00:12:25,767 --> 00:12:28,679 have we had the technology to fish the deep, 179 00:12:29,287 --> 00:12:33,599 But in many places, the fishing pressure has been intense, 180 00:12:35,767 --> 00:12:39,680 This particular fish is now on our menus, 181 00:12:41,847 --> 00:12:43,326 These white fish 182 00:12:43,487 --> 00:12:46,957 are the fillets of a deep sea fish called orange ruffie. 183 00:12:47,127 --> 00:12:50,722 You may have noticed them in your supermarket recently. 184 00:12:51,087 --> 00:12:54,397 They can live at depths of 1,500 metres, 185 00:12:54,567 --> 00:12:56,558 and like a lot of deep sea fish, 186 00:12:56,727 --> 00:12:58,718 they live a very long time. 187 00:12:58,887 --> 00:13:02,197 These ones could have been born during World War II. 188 00:13:02,367 --> 00:13:06,121 They could even have been around during the Victorian era. 189 00:13:06,287 --> 00:13:08,278 It's believed that orange ruffie 190 00:13:08,447 --> 00:13:10,915 can live to a staggering 150 years old. 191 00:13:12,087 --> 00:13:15,284 As well as living longer, these fish mature later 192 00:13:15,447 --> 00:13:16,960 at about 30 years old, 193 00:13:17,127 --> 00:13:19,436 If you take them out before this age, 194 00:13:19,607 --> 00:13:21,677 they won't be able to reproduce, 195 00:13:21,847 --> 00:13:25,681 There won't be a future generation of orange ruffie, 196 00:13:30,567 --> 00:13:34,037 For many years, the fishing pressure here was huge, 197 00:13:34,207 --> 00:13:37,517 Thousands of tonnes were scooped up for the market, 198 00:13:37,687 --> 00:13:39,484 and sold around the world, 199 00:13:39,647 --> 00:13:41,638 At times, so many were caught, 200 00:13:41,807 --> 00:13:45,561 there wasn't even the market for them, They were just dumped, 201 00:13:49,087 --> 00:13:52,682 Fortunately, the New Zealand and Australian fisheries 202 00:13:52,847 --> 00:13:54,997 recognised the problem in time, 203 00:13:55,167 --> 00:13:58,159 They now monitor the fish stocks carefully, 204 00:13:58,327 --> 00:14:02,081 The fish may be safe, but the habitat they rely on isn't, 205 00:14:08,087 --> 00:14:09,566 In the deep sea, 206 00:14:09,727 --> 00:14:12,195 there are animals so new to us 207 00:14:12,367 --> 00:14:15,882 and so strange, it's as if we are in another world, 208 00:14:47,607 --> 00:14:49,643 Despite its remoteness, 209 00:14:49,807 --> 00:14:54,119 the deep sea habitat is now under threat, and once again, 210 00:14:54,287 --> 00:14:58,200 it's the method of fishing that is causing the real damage, 211 00:15:01,727 --> 00:15:04,321 Deep sea fishing nets are huge, 212 00:15:04,487 --> 00:15:07,081 They dredge up life indiscriminately, 213 00:15:08,287 --> 00:15:11,518 Corals and sponges hundreds of years old 214 00:15:11,687 --> 00:15:14,724 are being ripped off the seabed and destroyed, 215 00:15:14,887 --> 00:15:18,243 What a trawler does, particularly in the deep sea, 216 00:15:18,407 --> 00:15:22,082 where fishing effort is concentrated around sea mounts 217 00:15:22,247 --> 00:15:24,238 which are very hard rock, 218 00:15:24,407 --> 00:15:26,477 to protect the net from the rock, 219 00:15:26,647 --> 00:15:30,481 they have steel balls on them about half a metre in diameter. 220 00:15:30,647 --> 00:15:34,117 That net is pulled along at say three knots, 221 00:15:34,287 --> 00:15:38,644 smacking into the rock, smack, smack, smack, smack. 222 00:15:38,807 --> 00:15:42,959 So this net basically comes along and mows that thing down, 223 00:15:43,127 --> 00:15:45,516 just rips it off, it's history. 224 00:15:45,687 --> 00:15:48,520 It's got no chance of living after that. 225 00:15:49,687 --> 00:15:52,121 You can't see the damage done at depth, 226 00:15:52,287 --> 00:15:55,757 but if the same was done on land, you'd be horrified, 227 00:15:55,927 --> 00:15:58,725 If we wanted to catch cows, for instance, 228 00:15:58,887 --> 00:16:01,276 we'd hang a net from a helicopter, 229 00:16:01,447 --> 00:16:03,677 and drag that through the paddock. 230 00:16:03,847 --> 00:16:05,838 We'd not only catch a few cows, 231 00:16:06,007 --> 00:16:09,317 we'd catch the dog, the car, the farmyard, the barn, 232 00:16:09,487 --> 00:16:11,478 we'd catch the farmer's wife, 233 00:16:11,647 --> 00:16:14,480 we'd catch the stuff that we weren't going for. 234 00:16:14,647 --> 00:16:17,559 0'Shea is concerned about many of the animals 235 00:16:17,727 --> 00:16:20,287 that are being brought up from the deep, 236 00:16:20,447 --> 00:16:22,438 most of them unintentionally, 237 00:16:23,367 --> 00:16:25,835 He's monitoring the damage being done 238 00:16:26,007 --> 00:16:27,998 from his lab in New Zealand, 239 00:16:28,167 --> 00:16:30,397 0ne of the most spectacular things 240 00:16:30,567 --> 00:16:34,719 we've received in fisheries' bi-catch is this large gorgonian. 241 00:16:34,887 --> 00:16:37,879 It's like a black coral. It's closely related, 242 00:16:38,047 --> 00:16:40,277 and this specimen is 700 years old. 243 00:16:40,447 --> 00:16:41,926 So it was 700 years 244 00:16:42,087 --> 00:16:46,956 when the net ripped it off the bottom of the sea. Now it's dead. 245 00:16:47,127 --> 00:16:49,118 When you add up the pieces, 246 00:16:49,287 --> 00:16:52,677 you'd have three metres in height from the sea floor, 247 00:16:52,847 --> 00:16:56,635 and that must be the equivalent of an underwater forest. 248 00:16:56,807 --> 00:16:59,685 It's tragic that this should be ripped from the floor. 249 00:17:05,087 --> 00:17:09,319 This particular species was very common between 700 and 1100 metres 250 00:17:09,487 --> 00:17:10,886 off our coast, 251 00:17:11,047 --> 00:17:14,357 but like everything, that is very fragile, 252 00:17:14,527 --> 00:17:19,078 and if we put a steel ball over it, it would be crushed to pieces. 253 00:17:24,047 --> 00:17:27,722 0'Shea has a particular fascination for deep sea squid, 254 00:17:27,887 --> 00:17:30,799 but he's worried that many are disappearing 255 00:17:30,967 --> 00:17:34,721 before we've even had a chance to see them alive in the wild, 256 00:17:34,887 --> 00:17:36,878 let alone understand them, 257 00:17:39,367 --> 00:17:42,916 This species used to be very common around New Zealand. 258 00:17:43,087 --> 00:17:44,645 It's gone. 259 00:17:45,447 --> 00:17:48,200 The only reason an animal like this is gone, 260 00:17:48,367 --> 00:17:50,642 is it's so stupid, it's so slow, 261 00:17:50,807 --> 00:17:53,844 it got attacked by a trawler net, 262 00:17:54,007 --> 00:17:57,283 and the trawlers have been going in the area for so long 263 00:17:57,447 --> 00:17:59,722 that we've made this animal extinct. 264 00:18:03,887 --> 00:18:06,640 With every single dive to the deep ocean, 265 00:18:06,807 --> 00:18:09,480 scientists are discovering new species, 266 00:18:09,647 --> 00:18:13,242 Some may have properties that could be invaluable to us, 267 00:18:15,647 --> 00:18:19,117 Sponges are animals, but they're rooted to the bottom 268 00:18:19,287 --> 00:18:21,357 and can't get away from something 269 00:18:21,527 --> 00:18:24,519 that's trying to eat them or grow over them, 270 00:18:24,687 --> 00:18:26,643 so they produce chemicals 271 00:18:26,807 --> 00:18:30,846 to ward off predators or other encroaching sponges, 272 00:18:37,927 --> 00:18:42,239 It's these chemicals that interest marine scientists in Florida, 273 00:18:42,407 --> 00:18:44,716 They collect sponges from the deep, 274 00:18:44,887 --> 00:18:47,526 and take them back to the lab for analysis, 275 00:18:47,687 --> 00:18:49,678 The challenge to us 276 00:18:49,847 --> 00:18:52,600 as drug discoverers and marine biologists 277 00:18:52,767 --> 00:18:54,598 is to figure out 278 00:18:54,767 --> 00:18:56,917 why the organism is producing it, 279 00:18:57,087 --> 00:18:59,840 and then apply that knowledge to figure out 280 00:19:00,007 --> 00:19:02,601 what might be an appropriate drug target 281 00:19:02,767 --> 00:19:05,361 for that chemical compound. 282 00:19:06,687 --> 00:19:10,760 Pomponi's team is using chemicals from the sponges in trials, 283 00:19:10,927 --> 00:19:14,966 They believe the chemicals will prevent the growth of cancer cells 284 00:19:15,127 --> 00:19:16,606 in humans, 285 00:19:18,527 --> 00:19:21,519 Ideally, we want something that will kill 286 00:19:21,687 --> 00:19:23,678 a certain type of cancer cell, 287 00:19:23,847 --> 00:19:27,283 so it will be very specific for certain types of cancer, 288 00:19:27,447 --> 00:19:30,439 and, so far, the results are very encouraging. 289 00:19:30,607 --> 00:19:34,156 So, yes, we think that this will be useful as a treatment 290 00:19:34,327 --> 00:19:36,602 for certain forms of cancer. 291 00:19:39,287 --> 00:19:43,041 So far, we've only explored two per cent of the deep, 292 00:19:43,207 --> 00:19:47,041 We could be in danger of losing a treasure-trove of species, 293 00:19:47,207 --> 00:19:50,119 before we've even discovered them, 294 00:19:51,287 --> 00:19:53,755 (P0MP0NI) If we lose... 295 00:19:53,927 --> 00:19:58,478 that biological diversity that occurs in the deep ocean, 296 00:19:58,647 --> 00:20:00,160 and it does, 297 00:20:00,327 --> 00:20:02,761 then we lose that chemical diversity, 298 00:20:02,927 --> 00:20:06,158 and we lose the opportunity to discover new drugs. 299 00:20:13,287 --> 00:20:17,917 It's not just the deep that's in danger, Shallow water habitats 300 00:20:18,087 --> 00:20:19,600 like coral reefs 301 00:20:19,767 --> 00:20:21,758 are having a hard time, too, 302 00:20:26,727 --> 00:20:30,402 Part of the problem is the growing trade in reef fish, 303 00:20:30,567 --> 00:20:33,604 and it's often the market demand for luxury fish 304 00:20:33,767 --> 00:20:37,919 like groupers, coral trout and wrasse that's behind the problem, 305 00:20:38,087 --> 00:20:41,397 They're being fished out at an alarming rate, 306 00:20:45,687 --> 00:20:48,679 Fish on coral reefs that were once a staple food 307 00:20:48,847 --> 00:20:50,326 for local people, 308 00:20:50,487 --> 00:20:52,876 are now in high demand as a delicacy 309 00:20:53,047 --> 00:20:55,515 in major cities around the world, 310 00:21:02,407 --> 00:21:04,716 The majority goes to mainland China 311 00:21:04,887 --> 00:21:06,798 and cities like Hong Kong, 312 00:21:07,167 --> 00:21:08,646 It's a huge market 313 00:21:08,807 --> 00:21:13,927 and some 30,000 tonnes of reef fish come into Hong Kong every year, 314 00:21:17,327 --> 00:21:20,205 The fishermen are having to go to coral reefs 315 00:21:20,367 --> 00:21:23,723 further and further afield as stocks dry up, 316 00:21:23,887 --> 00:21:27,596 Some now travel 3,000 miles on a single fishing trip 317 00:21:27,767 --> 00:21:29,359 to find reefs with fish, 318 00:21:30,527 --> 00:21:33,041 People like their fish fresh - 319 00:21:33,207 --> 00:21:34,686 very fresh, 320 00:21:34,847 --> 00:21:37,407 so much so that the cost of live fish 321 00:21:37,567 --> 00:21:40,559 is ten times the cost of fresh dead fish, 322 00:21:40,727 --> 00:21:44,959 and the fish in the marketplace are getting smaller and smaller, 323 00:21:46,127 --> 00:21:50,564 Dr Yvonne Sadovy is worried about the amount of juveniles sold here, 324 00:21:52,727 --> 00:21:55,400 This beautiful animal is a humphead wrasse, 325 00:21:55,567 --> 00:21:59,480 and he's called humphead wrasse because of his hump on his head. 326 00:21:59,647 --> 00:22:03,560 The other one is the giant grouper. This is a giant grouper. 327 00:22:03,727 --> 00:22:05,638 There's several of them, 328 00:22:06,047 --> 00:22:08,038 and these are juveniles. 329 00:22:08,207 --> 00:22:10,596 This one is probably a late teenager, 330 00:22:10,767 --> 00:22:13,600 but still not an old or well-developed fish, 331 00:22:13,767 --> 00:22:16,725 and the majority that we see of these species 332 00:22:16,887 --> 00:22:18,718 are young, juvenile fish. 333 00:22:19,687 --> 00:22:23,680 Humphead wrasse should be able to live for more than 20 years, 334 00:22:23,847 --> 00:22:25,997 but they rarely reach that age, 335 00:22:26,167 --> 00:22:28,362 They're taken out far too young, 336 00:22:28,527 --> 00:22:32,805 If you have fisheries which take large numbers of juveniles, 337 00:22:32,967 --> 00:22:36,118 these animals have not had a chance to reproduce, 338 00:22:36,287 --> 00:22:39,597 so where's the next generation going to come from? 339 00:22:41,447 --> 00:22:43,597 If you take too many juveniles, 340 00:22:43,767 --> 00:22:45,758 slowly what happens is 341 00:22:45,927 --> 00:22:49,237 you don't get enough adults in the next generation, 342 00:22:49,407 --> 00:22:52,763 and slowly the populations decline in numbers. 343 00:22:55,887 --> 00:22:57,878 So that's what my concern is, 344 00:22:58,047 --> 00:23:01,357 that if this is part of a trend - 345 00:23:01,527 --> 00:23:05,076 that we're seeing more and more juveniles being taken - 346 00:23:05,247 --> 00:23:08,444 then that does not augur well for these species. 347 00:23:08,607 --> 00:23:12,646 But much more serious than the possible loss of a few species 348 00:23:12,807 --> 00:23:15,560 is the loss of an entire habitat, 349 00:23:15,727 --> 00:23:17,206 especially one 350 00:23:17,367 --> 00:23:21,406 which supports thousands upon thousands of species, 351 00:23:26,287 --> 00:23:30,439 Coral reefs are the most diverse communities in our oceans, 352 00:23:30,607 --> 00:23:33,758 Many of them have grown up over hundreds, 353 00:23:33,927 --> 00:23:35,918 sometimes thousands of years, 354 00:23:36,087 --> 00:23:40,046 and over that time, a fantastic number of animals and plants 355 00:23:40,207 --> 00:23:42,118 have evolved with them, 356 00:23:43,287 --> 00:23:46,882 The intricate structure built by the corals themselves 357 00:23:47,047 --> 00:23:49,800 provides protection from predators, 358 00:23:49,967 --> 00:23:54,245 important breeding sites, and endless feeding opportunities, 359 00:24:15,687 --> 00:24:18,440 But now the coral itself is under threat 360 00:24:18,607 --> 00:24:20,086 from man, 361 00:24:37,167 --> 00:24:39,556 Today, dynamiting is commonplace, 362 00:24:39,727 --> 00:24:42,719 It's an efficient way to kill the nearby fish,,, 363 00:24:44,127 --> 00:24:47,915 but just one blast will completely flatten a patch of reef, 364 00:24:50,087 --> 00:24:53,966 There are lots of other threats to reef right across the world, 365 00:24:54,127 --> 00:24:57,961 Sometimes it's pollution, they get covered by sediment, 366 00:24:58,127 --> 00:25:01,881 and global warming is certainly playing its part, too, 367 00:25:03,167 --> 00:25:05,158 Here in south-east Asia, 368 00:25:05,327 --> 00:25:08,763 80 per cent of reefs are either in danger of dying, 369 00:25:08,927 --> 00:25:10,406 or are dead. 370 00:25:10,567 --> 00:25:12,558 A lot of it's been dynamited, 371 00:25:12,727 --> 00:25:16,276 but now a more sinister method of fishing is being used. 372 00:25:16,447 --> 00:25:18,438 It's fast, it's effective, 373 00:25:18,607 --> 00:25:20,598 but it's highly illegal. 374 00:25:20,767 --> 00:25:23,486 Fishermen are using the poison cyanide. 375 00:25:25,047 --> 00:25:28,244 Fishermen squirt sodium cyanide into crevices 376 00:25:28,407 --> 00:25:30,637 where fish take refuge, 377 00:25:31,367 --> 00:25:35,997 Cyanide starves the fish of oxygen, so they come out into the open 378 00:25:36,167 --> 00:25:38,317 dazed and much easier to catch, 379 00:25:42,087 --> 00:25:44,885 Not all these fish are for food, Many of them 380 00:25:45,047 --> 00:25:47,038 are for the aquarium trade, 381 00:25:47,207 --> 00:25:49,198 They're purely a luxury item, 382 00:25:54,727 --> 00:25:57,924 The corals themselves die in just a few weeks,,, 383 00:25:59,047 --> 00:26:02,483 and the whole reef becomes smothered in algae, 384 00:26:05,447 --> 00:26:07,438 That was a reconstruction, 385 00:26:07,607 --> 00:26:09,484 but this is real life, 386 00:26:09,647 --> 00:26:13,765 Members of the International Marine Alliance in the Philippines 387 00:26:13,927 --> 00:26:16,521 are trying to save their few remaining reefs, 388 00:26:16,687 --> 00:26:20,202 They suspect these men have been fishing illegally, 389 00:26:20,367 --> 00:26:23,404 and want to find out where they've been fishing, 390 00:26:23,567 --> 00:26:25,319 but the fishermen are wary, 391 00:26:29,087 --> 00:26:32,284 They are afraid to tell us where the places are 392 00:26:32,447 --> 00:26:35,564 because there might be some retaliation 393 00:26:35,727 --> 00:26:38,639 from the other villagers in this village. 394 00:26:40,927 --> 00:26:42,838 They hide the bottles 395 00:26:43,007 --> 00:26:44,963 underneath the boat, 396 00:26:45,127 --> 00:26:48,756 and when...another boat approaches, 397 00:26:48,927 --> 00:26:50,724 they just ditch this 398 00:26:50,887 --> 00:26:52,923 so that nobody could see it. 399 00:26:54,127 --> 00:26:57,597 These men know they could end up in jail, 400 00:26:58,087 --> 00:27:01,762 It's so hard to police the coastal area of the Philippines 401 00:27:01,927 --> 00:27:05,124 because it's a very long coastal area. 402 00:27:05,287 --> 00:27:07,278 Also, if you jail them, 403 00:27:07,447 --> 00:27:09,915 you don't have enough room in jail. 404 00:27:14,087 --> 00:27:16,965 We were taken to a jail on the island of Koron, 405 00:27:18,687 --> 00:27:21,963 These men have been arrested for illegal fishing, 406 00:27:22,127 --> 00:27:24,118 and they're awaiting trial, 407 00:27:24,287 --> 00:27:26,517 They've been locked up for months, 408 00:27:26,687 --> 00:27:29,599 but the trader, the middle man, is still free, 409 00:27:33,087 --> 00:27:36,682 I don't think we can lump all the blame on the fishermen, 410 00:27:36,847 --> 00:27:38,838 because first is that, er... 411 00:27:39,007 --> 00:27:41,316 they do not know anything better. 412 00:27:41,487 --> 00:27:43,557 They are afraid of being caught, 413 00:27:43,727 --> 00:27:47,561 but they say there's no other method to catch fish. 414 00:27:50,287 --> 00:27:53,006 When they've been squirted with cyanide, 415 00:27:53,167 --> 00:27:56,842 fish don't die immediately, but the damage HAS been done 416 00:27:57,007 --> 00:28:00,044 and their internal organs gradually pack up, 417 00:28:00,207 --> 00:28:02,596 The trader has to move them fast 418 00:28:02,767 --> 00:28:05,520 as they will die in just a few weeks, 419 00:28:08,567 --> 00:28:12,958 Cruise is sure that the importers know when cyanide has been used 420 00:28:13,127 --> 00:28:15,721 because the mortality rate is so high, 421 00:28:15,887 --> 00:28:18,447 but they simply choose to ignore it, 422 00:28:18,927 --> 00:28:21,236 An importer would know immediately 423 00:28:21,407 --> 00:28:24,399 that there's something wrong with his fishes, 424 00:28:24,567 --> 00:28:26,558 but they keep on importing 425 00:28:26,727 --> 00:28:28,524 from the same exporter 426 00:28:28,687 --> 00:28:31,485 in the Philippines or in other countries. 427 00:28:33,287 --> 00:28:35,278 The majority of tropical fish 428 00:28:35,447 --> 00:28:38,007 caught in Indonesia and the Philippines 429 00:28:38,487 --> 00:28:40,921 are exported to America and to the UK, 430 00:28:41,447 --> 00:28:45,599 Fortunately, responsible importers like the owner of this shop 431 00:28:45,767 --> 00:28:49,077 refuse to buy fish that have been caught by cyanide. 432 00:28:49,247 --> 00:28:51,886 A customer can't tell how a fish was caught. 433 00:28:52,047 --> 00:28:55,835 The responsibility lies with us to check with the shopkeeper. 434 00:28:57,007 --> 00:28:58,520 And if you don't, 435 00:28:58,687 --> 00:29:00,757 it may only take a couple of weeks 436 00:29:00,927 --> 00:29:02,918 before your ornamental fish 437 00:29:03,087 --> 00:29:05,965 is as dead as the reef it came from, 438 00:29:07,487 --> 00:29:09,478 (BING CR0SBY) # Gone fishin' 439 00:29:11,487 --> 00:29:14,285 # By a shady, wady pool... # 440 00:29:14,447 --> 00:29:17,245 (L0US ARMSTR0NG) # Shangri La, really la! 441 00:29:17,407 --> 00:29:19,682 # I'm wishin' I could be 442 00:29:19,847 --> 00:29:22,839 # That kind of fool (Shall I twist your arm?) 443 00:29:23,007 --> 00:29:26,317 # I'd say no more work for mine (Welcome to the club!) 444 00:29:26,487 --> 00:29:28,955 # 0n my door I'd hang a sign 445 00:29:29,127 --> 00:29:31,197 # Gone fishin' 446 00:29:33,247 --> 00:29:37,684 # Instead of just a-wishin' 447 00:29:38,407 --> 00:29:42,480 # Bah-boo-bah-bah-boo-bam... 448 00:29:42,647 --> 00:29:47,516 # 0h, yeah! # 449 00:30:04,687 --> 00:30:06,484 This abandoned net 450 00:30:06,647 --> 00:30:08,638 is made of tough nylon 451 00:30:08,807 --> 00:30:11,037 which won't easily disintegrate, 452 00:30:16,287 --> 00:30:17,800 If it isn't removed, 453 00:30:17,967 --> 00:30:21,198 it could carry on killing like this for years to come, 454 00:30:27,407 --> 00:30:30,956 If one small net on one reef can cause this much damage, 455 00:30:31,127 --> 00:30:34,244 imagine what fishing nets do on a global scale, 456 00:30:34,407 --> 00:30:38,798 0ur fishing methods today ensure that we catch more and more, 457 00:30:38,967 --> 00:30:41,401 but a lot of what is caught is thrown away - 458 00:30:41,567 --> 00:30:43,956 simply chucked overboard, 459 00:30:44,127 --> 00:30:45,606 usually dead, 460 00:30:49,207 --> 00:30:51,482 Modern fisheries are very destructive. 461 00:30:51,647 --> 00:30:54,366 They catch what they're after - and everything else. 462 00:30:54,527 --> 00:30:56,358 The United Nations tells us 463 00:30:56,527 --> 00:30:59,997 that up to 30 million metric tonnes a year are caught 464 00:31:00,167 --> 00:31:02,761 and then thrown overboard dead or dying. 465 00:31:02,927 --> 00:31:07,318 That's one quarter to one third of the annual catch around the world. 466 00:31:09,247 --> 00:31:12,683 I'm talking about not just non-target fish species 467 00:31:12,847 --> 00:31:16,442 but turtles, marine mammals, birds such as albatrosses, 468 00:31:16,607 --> 00:31:18,598 even whales on occasion. 469 00:31:32,727 --> 00:31:34,718 No matter how magnificent, 470 00:31:34,887 --> 00:31:36,479 no animal is spared 471 00:31:36,647 --> 00:31:38,365 in our hunt for food, 472 00:31:43,647 --> 00:31:45,877 But what's even more ridiculous, 473 00:31:46,047 --> 00:31:49,642 is that often the fish that we would eat are thrown away 474 00:31:49,807 --> 00:31:52,879 if the boat is targeting a different species, 475 00:31:54,727 --> 00:31:59,198 And there's one particular fishery where the waste is phenomenal, 476 00:31:59,367 --> 00:32:01,085 Prawn or shrimp trawling 477 00:32:01,247 --> 00:32:04,398 is the most destructive fishery in the world. 478 00:32:04,567 --> 00:32:08,276 Prawn or shrimp trawling occurs throughout the tropics. 479 00:32:08,447 --> 00:32:12,156 The nets are dragged along the bottom where the shrimp live. 480 00:32:12,327 --> 00:32:15,205 Those nets hoover up everything in their path. 481 00:32:15,367 --> 00:32:18,757 Up to 15 pounds of other species 482 00:32:18,927 --> 00:32:20,406 are discarded 483 00:32:20,567 --> 00:32:23,559 for every one pound of shrimp that's caught. 484 00:32:26,087 --> 00:32:30,842 Worse still are the quantities of juvenile fish that get thrown away, 485 00:32:38,127 --> 00:32:41,676 Hundreds of thousands of tonnes of young fish 486 00:32:41,847 --> 00:32:43,599 are discarded every year, 487 00:32:43,767 --> 00:32:45,758 fish that would otherwise grow 488 00:32:45,927 --> 00:32:49,203 to become an important and valuable source of protein, 489 00:32:49,367 --> 00:32:50,880 And all this 490 00:32:51,047 --> 00:32:53,515 for just a handful of prawns, 491 00:32:54,687 --> 00:32:58,441 The fishermen recognise the problem and asked for help, 492 00:32:58,607 --> 00:33:02,600 so Dr Steve Keneally is looking at the prawn fishing industry 493 00:33:02,767 --> 00:33:05,201 in New South Wales, Australia, 494 00:33:08,287 --> 00:33:10,323 Here, the industry is huge, 495 00:33:10,487 --> 00:33:13,797 They catch over a thousand tonnes of prawns a year, 496 00:33:20,087 --> 00:33:23,762 Keneally has invented a bi-catch reduction device - 497 00:33:24,087 --> 00:33:25,486 a BRD - 498 00:33:25,647 --> 00:33:29,037 which lets smaller, immature fish escape from the net, 499 00:33:29,207 --> 00:33:32,722 This cording gets towed along at the back of the net, 500 00:33:32,887 --> 00:33:35,560 at the back of the whole operation. 501 00:33:35,727 --> 00:33:39,925 The catch that enters a trawl net ends up at the back of this bag. 502 00:33:40,087 --> 00:33:43,045 We did some trials and experiments 503 00:33:43,207 --> 00:33:47,678 and found that, at a certain point where this material changes, 504 00:33:47,847 --> 00:33:50,281 you get a back pressure of water, 505 00:33:50,447 --> 00:33:53,325 and by putting in open square meshes 506 00:33:53,487 --> 00:33:57,799 just at that point where that back pressure of water is occurring, 507 00:33:57,967 --> 00:34:02,199 the water will flow up and out through that square mesh panel. 508 00:34:02,367 --> 00:34:04,244 Little fish inside this net 509 00:34:04,407 --> 00:34:06,682 feel that back pressure of water 510 00:34:06,847 --> 00:34:08,838 and immediately head upwards 511 00:34:09,007 --> 00:34:11,760 and out through the open square mesh panel. 512 00:34:13,287 --> 00:34:16,677 Keneally is experimenting with two different nets, 513 00:34:16,847 --> 00:34:20,396 This first one is a conventional prawn fishing net, 514 00:34:22,287 --> 00:34:25,120 0K, this is the catch from the control cording - 515 00:34:25,287 --> 00:34:28,836 that is the conventional cording without any BRD in it. 516 00:34:29,007 --> 00:34:33,159 As you can see, there's quite a lot of small fish in the catch, 517 00:34:33,327 --> 00:34:38,037 and, hopefully, in the other cording with the BRD installed 518 00:34:38,207 --> 00:34:40,198 there'll be a lot less fish 519 00:34:40,367 --> 00:34:42,881 and still the same quantity of prawns. 520 00:34:43,047 --> 00:34:46,642 This is the net with his bi-catch reduction device in it, 521 00:34:46,807 --> 00:34:51,597 It's immediately obvious that fewer fish have been accidentally caught, 522 00:34:55,087 --> 00:34:57,681 So that's the difference in bi-catch. 523 00:34:57,847 --> 00:35:00,281 Most of the smaller fish have escaped, 524 00:35:00,447 --> 00:35:03,200 so at least they should have a chance to breed, 525 00:35:03,367 --> 00:35:06,040 You just have to look with your own eyes 526 00:35:06,207 --> 00:35:07,640 and there's no doubt 527 00:35:07,807 --> 00:35:11,959 that there's a 60 per cent reduction or more in bi-catch. 528 00:35:12,127 --> 00:35:16,086 Keneally's device has gone a long way to reducing the waste,,, 529 00:35:17,687 --> 00:35:20,565 but he knows that it's not the whole answer, 530 00:35:20,727 --> 00:35:23,321 I don't think we can ever have a situation 531 00:35:23,487 --> 00:35:26,877 where we only catch the things we're trying to catch. 532 00:35:27,047 --> 00:35:29,720 With just about every fishing method, 533 00:35:29,887 --> 00:35:34,244 you're going to catch undersized organisms of the target species. 534 00:35:35,647 --> 00:35:39,196 To get to the position where we don't catch any bi-catch 535 00:35:39,367 --> 00:35:40,846 for prawn and shrimp, 536 00:35:41,007 --> 00:35:43,680 I don't think we'll ever get to that point, 537 00:35:43,847 --> 00:35:46,566 at least not in the foreseeable future. 538 00:35:48,927 --> 00:35:50,406 But there is possibly 539 00:35:50,567 --> 00:35:52,046 another way - 540 00:35:52,207 --> 00:35:54,846 one where there may be no bi-catch at all, 541 00:35:55,007 --> 00:35:58,204 It's fish farming or aqua culture, 542 00:35:58,367 --> 00:36:01,518 Already it's producing huge quantities of fish, 543 00:36:06,527 --> 00:36:09,041 Could fish farming be the solution? 544 00:36:09,207 --> 00:36:13,120 At the moment, one in every four fish that we eat is farmed, 545 00:36:13,287 --> 00:36:17,360 but over the next 25 years, it's thought that figure will double 546 00:36:17,527 --> 00:36:20,200 so that half the fish we eat will be farmed. 547 00:36:20,367 --> 00:36:24,201 So is this the answer? Can we really protect our fish stocks, 548 00:36:24,367 --> 00:36:27,279 the juveniles, the fragile marine habitats? 549 00:36:27,447 --> 00:36:30,996 Is fish farming the solution to all our fishing problems? 550 00:36:33,647 --> 00:36:37,925 If aqua culture is one of the answers, then surely the people 551 00:36:38,087 --> 00:36:41,716 with the highest incentive to get it right are the Japanese, 552 00:36:41,887 --> 00:36:45,084 They're already very advanced in farming fish, 553 00:36:45,247 --> 00:36:49,763 They're even trying to raise large predatory fish like tuna, 554 00:36:49,927 --> 00:36:52,077 and in particular, blue fin tuna, 555 00:36:52,767 --> 00:36:55,042 Here in Koshimoto in western Japan, 556 00:36:55,207 --> 00:36:56,879 they're going for broke. 557 00:36:58,487 --> 00:37:01,479 Swimming around beneath me in this enclosure, 558 00:37:01,647 --> 00:37:04,161 there are 50 fully mature blue fin tuna, 559 00:37:06,327 --> 00:37:08,477 These tuna were caught in the wild 560 00:37:08,647 --> 00:37:12,845 and are now being fattened up for market, They're fed generously 561 00:37:13,007 --> 00:37:16,556 so they'll be in prime adult condition when they're sold, 562 00:37:18,727 --> 00:37:21,958 Here they've taken tuna farming to the next stage, 563 00:37:22,127 --> 00:37:24,083 They're not just holding them, 564 00:37:24,247 --> 00:37:26,442 they're breeding these blue fins, 565 00:37:26,607 --> 00:37:30,725 They hope that these fish will breed in three years' time, 566 00:37:30,887 --> 00:37:34,846 and so complete the whole life cycle in captivity, 567 00:37:35,007 --> 00:37:37,237 Then, they won't have to take 568 00:37:37,407 --> 00:37:40,444 any more blue fin tuna from our oceans, 569 00:37:45,407 --> 00:37:50,037 (INTERPRETER) Japan is the largest tuna consuming nation in the world. 570 00:37:52,407 --> 00:37:56,002 And we're also very concerned about diminishing stocks 571 00:37:56,167 --> 00:37:58,158 of blue fin tuna in the wild. 572 00:38:01,287 --> 00:38:04,757 Aqua culture has its own set of well-known problems, 573 00:38:04,927 --> 00:38:06,724 Most worrying are pollution 574 00:38:06,887 --> 00:38:10,084 and the mixing of captive-bred fish with wild stocks, 575 00:38:12,087 --> 00:38:13,884 But there's another issue, 576 00:38:16,007 --> 00:38:20,159 These tuna are fed a staggering amount of fish every day, 577 00:38:21,927 --> 00:38:24,600 They're being fed valuable protein 578 00:38:24,767 --> 00:38:28,555 which should be food for the poorer people of Asia,,, 579 00:38:29,207 --> 00:38:33,086 so now the Japanese are trying to develop a substitute feed 580 00:38:33,247 --> 00:38:36,762 either from vegetable matter or from animal products, 581 00:38:36,927 --> 00:38:38,406 (SPEAKS JAPANESE) 582 00:38:38,567 --> 00:38:41,798 (INTERPRETER) And we hope further development 583 00:38:41,967 --> 00:38:46,245 will enable us to use more artificial feed in the future. 584 00:38:52,167 --> 00:38:54,476 But they haven't succeeded yet, 585 00:38:54,647 --> 00:38:58,879 and they still take huge quantities of low value fish 586 00:38:59,047 --> 00:39:02,084 to feed one big luxury fish, 587 00:39:05,767 --> 00:39:08,884 In other parts of Asia which are poorer than Japan 588 00:39:09,047 --> 00:39:11,800 and where fish stocks are heavily depleted, 589 00:39:11,967 --> 00:39:14,527 they are also turning to aqua culture, 590 00:39:20,087 --> 00:39:23,079 And tiger prawns are the biggest money earner, 591 00:39:23,247 --> 00:39:26,956 More than half a million tonnes of prawns are produced a year, 592 00:39:27,127 --> 00:39:29,561 nearly all of which are exported, 593 00:39:29,727 --> 00:39:32,799 It's big business and it employs a lot of people, 594 00:39:34,687 --> 00:39:38,157 But just like tuna, the prawns are carnivorous 595 00:39:38,327 --> 00:39:42,206 and need to eat fish - fish that have been ground into pellets, 596 00:39:42,367 --> 00:39:45,757 When they're farmed as intensively as they are here, 597 00:39:46,327 --> 00:39:48,283 they need a lot of feed, 598 00:39:48,447 --> 00:39:49,926 If you have, er... 599 00:39:50,087 --> 00:39:55,081 three square metres of pond for one tiger prawn, that's extensive - 600 00:39:55,247 --> 00:39:57,238 nature will feed the prawn - 601 00:39:57,407 --> 00:39:59,716 but if you have 30 of them 602 00:39:59,887 --> 00:40:01,923 in one square metre, 603 00:40:02,087 --> 00:40:04,760 then you have to provide some kind of food. 604 00:40:04,927 --> 00:40:08,556 I think the latest figures are about two - 605 00:40:08,727 --> 00:40:10,718 two kilos of fish - 606 00:40:10,887 --> 00:40:12,479 to produce 607 00:40:12,647 --> 00:40:14,603 one kilo of prawn. 608 00:40:16,287 --> 00:40:19,882 Substitute feeds may help, but they could come too late, 609 00:40:20,047 --> 00:40:23,483 In the meantime, low value fish are fed to prawns 610 00:40:23,647 --> 00:40:26,161 which are then exported to the West, 611 00:40:26,327 --> 00:40:29,080 These fish should be feeding local people, 612 00:40:30,167 --> 00:40:31,680 It's the... 613 00:40:31,847 --> 00:40:33,997 little fish that's there 614 00:40:34,167 --> 00:40:39,719 that's being bought by...people, by Filipino families for their food, 615 00:40:39,887 --> 00:40:43,197 by low income families and middle income families, 616 00:40:43,367 --> 00:40:45,517 that will not be available to these families. 617 00:40:48,767 --> 00:40:50,598 But there's another issue, 618 00:40:50,767 --> 00:40:54,601 Thousands of intensive farms have been built in coastal areas, 619 00:40:54,767 --> 00:40:58,476 destroying a valuable marine habitat - mangrove forests, 620 00:41:01,287 --> 00:41:03,403 Mile upon mile of mangroves 621 00:41:03,567 --> 00:41:05,603 have been cut down, 622 00:41:08,407 --> 00:41:12,320 The coastline has been stripped of its natural protection, 623 00:41:13,487 --> 00:41:17,924 And there are many important ecological reasons why mangroves 624 00:41:18,087 --> 00:41:20,078 should be protected, 625 00:41:20,247 --> 00:41:23,922 To many people, mangroves are just a mass of gnarled roots 626 00:41:24,087 --> 00:41:28,000 where the bottom is sludgy, and the air is full of mosquitoes, 627 00:41:28,167 --> 00:41:29,680 but get underwater, 628 00:41:29,847 --> 00:41:31,917 and it's a very different world. 629 00:41:38,967 --> 00:41:44,041 The intricate root system provides a natural nursery for young fish, 630 00:41:44,207 --> 00:41:47,961 They spend their later life on coral reefs or in the open sea, 631 00:41:48,127 --> 00:41:51,039 The roots provide protection from predators 632 00:41:51,207 --> 00:41:54,324 which is vital for small, vulnerable fish, 633 00:41:58,207 --> 00:42:00,004 In the shelter of mangroves, 634 00:42:00,167 --> 00:42:03,159 fish can feed and grow in relative safety, 635 00:42:07,327 --> 00:42:10,478 Again, it's the habitat that's under threat, 636 00:42:10,647 --> 00:42:12,126 We're destroying it 637 00:42:12,287 --> 00:42:15,962 without a thought for the animals that depend on it, 638 00:42:19,607 --> 00:42:23,486 Perhaps the answer might be to set aside some areas of the sea 639 00:42:23,647 --> 00:42:27,435 so that the animals that live there have a chance, 640 00:42:28,887 --> 00:42:31,196 When land animals need protecting, 641 00:42:31,367 --> 00:42:33,676 we usually do something about it - 642 00:42:33,847 --> 00:42:37,396 the huge game reserves in Africa are a classic example - 643 00:42:37,567 --> 00:42:41,162 but for some reason, we treat our seas very differently. 644 00:42:41,327 --> 00:42:45,081 This is the island of Skomer, a very beautiful reserve 645 00:42:45,247 --> 00:42:47,602 that offers excellent protection 646 00:42:47,767 --> 00:42:50,201 for the birds and plants that live here. 647 00:42:50,367 --> 00:42:53,279 It also calls itself a marine nature reserve, 648 00:42:53,447 --> 00:42:55,881 one of only two in the whole of Britain. 649 00:42:56,327 --> 00:43:00,081 You'd think a marine reserve would offer total protection 650 00:43:00,247 --> 00:43:02,044 for all life under the sea, 651 00:43:02,207 --> 00:43:04,357 but amazingly, you can fish here. 652 00:43:04,527 --> 00:43:07,405 Even commercial fishermen can operate here. 653 00:43:09,087 --> 00:43:11,157 In the time of our grandfathers, 654 00:43:11,327 --> 00:43:15,878 there were natural marine reserves, inaccessible to fishing fleets, 655 00:43:16,047 --> 00:43:19,437 There, the fish could grow to maturity undisturbed, 656 00:43:19,607 --> 00:43:21,996 But with modern fishing technology, 657 00:43:22,167 --> 00:43:25,239 there's practically nowhere we now can't fish, 658 00:43:25,407 --> 00:43:28,205 0nly a tiny percentage of the ocean 659 00:43:28,367 --> 00:43:30,164 is a safe sanctuary, 660 00:43:31,287 --> 00:43:34,996 Something like one third of one per cent of the oceans 661 00:43:35,207 --> 00:43:37,596 are within marine-protected areas. 662 00:43:37,767 --> 00:43:39,758 That's a very tiny fraction 663 00:43:39,927 --> 00:43:44,000 and it's equivalent to something like the size of South Africa. 664 00:43:44,167 --> 00:43:49,002 However, we're not protecting those areas well enough at the moment, 665 00:43:49,167 --> 00:43:51,158 and only something like 666 00:43:51,327 --> 00:43:54,319 one ten thousandth of the surface of the oceans 667 00:43:54,487 --> 00:43:57,001 is protected from all forms of fishing. 668 00:43:57,167 --> 00:44:01,604 That's equivalent to the size of Holland and it isn't nearly enough. 669 00:44:02,767 --> 00:44:06,601 Roberts wants areas set aside which are T0TALLYprotected, 670 00:44:07,327 --> 00:44:10,478 There are some small areas where they've done this 671 00:44:10,647 --> 00:44:14,606 like this reserve off the north island of New Zealand, 672 00:44:16,687 --> 00:44:20,441 Since fishing stopped 25 years ago, the stocks have recovered 673 00:44:20,607 --> 00:44:23,644 and the water is now teeming with fish, 674 00:44:30,487 --> 00:44:33,638 And it's not just fish - everything's doing well, 675 00:44:33,807 --> 00:44:35,684 Lobsters are abundant again, 676 00:44:35,847 --> 00:44:37,997 and they're getting a lot bigger, 677 00:44:39,167 --> 00:44:41,601 Scientists monitor stocks carefully 678 00:44:41,767 --> 00:44:45,999 and keep a close eye on how all the animals in the reserve are doing, 679 00:44:46,167 --> 00:44:48,476 This five-kilometre-wide reserve 680 00:44:48,647 --> 00:44:50,877 produces the same number of lobsters 681 00:44:51,047 --> 00:44:54,437 as a 100-kilometre stretch of unprotected coastline, 682 00:44:56,487 --> 00:45:00,196 Fishermen are allowed to fish right up to the boundaries, 683 00:45:00,367 --> 00:45:03,677 The lobsters are now so abundant within the reserve 684 00:45:03,847 --> 00:45:05,758 that they spread out 685 00:45:05,927 --> 00:45:07,918 into the surrounding waters, 686 00:45:08,087 --> 00:45:12,205 (R0BERTS) So what these no-take zones provide to fisheries 687 00:45:12,807 --> 00:45:16,402 is an increase in the replenishment to their fisheries. 688 00:45:16,567 --> 00:45:20,560 The spawning stocks are like deposits in a bank account. 689 00:45:22,727 --> 00:45:25,480 Even the behaviour of the fish has changed, 690 00:45:26,487 --> 00:45:31,163 0nce scared of man, the fish are perhaps a little over-friendlyI 691 00:45:35,127 --> 00:45:39,120 Roberts believes that between ten and 20 per cent of our oceans 692 00:45:39,287 --> 00:45:41,357 should become no-take zones, 693 00:45:41,527 --> 00:45:43,961 and that we should protect large areas 694 00:45:44,127 --> 00:45:46,118 of different marine habitats - 695 00:45:46,287 --> 00:45:48,721 the deep sea, coral reefs, mangroves, 696 00:45:48,887 --> 00:45:51,082 as well as key spawning grounds, 697 00:45:51,247 --> 00:45:54,603 That way, fish can grow bigger and older 698 00:45:54,767 --> 00:45:56,758 and stocks will recover, 699 00:46:00,447 --> 00:46:01,926 He also believes 700 00:46:02,087 --> 00:46:06,239 that migration routes and feeding grounds should be protected, 701 00:46:06,407 --> 00:46:10,480 particularly the routes taken by the largest marine animals - 702 00:46:11,647 --> 00:46:15,003 the whales - as they circumnavigate the globe, 703 00:46:23,727 --> 00:46:25,206 It's a simple idea, 704 00:46:25,367 --> 00:46:28,916 and one that Roberts believes, with the public's help, 705 00:46:29,087 --> 00:46:30,725 is possible, 706 00:46:30,887 --> 00:46:33,447 0nce people realise what's going on, 707 00:46:33,607 --> 00:46:36,121 and they begin to bring to bear pressure 708 00:46:36,287 --> 00:46:38,960 on the politicians and decision-makers, 709 00:46:39,127 --> 00:46:42,563 we'll see moves taking place to establish the areas 710 00:46:42,727 --> 00:46:45,287 that we need to set aside from fishing. 711 00:46:47,687 --> 00:46:50,599 We CAN make that choice, We've done it before - 712 00:46:50,767 --> 00:46:54,237 we brought back the great whales from near extinction, 713 00:46:54,407 --> 00:46:58,161 Most of them can live free from the threat of a whaling boat - 714 00:46:58,327 --> 00:47:01,000 but it took international co-operation, 715 00:47:01,167 --> 00:47:04,318 and that only came about once the public realised 716 00:47:04,487 --> 00:47:07,604 how close the whales were to being wiped out. 717 00:47:15,327 --> 00:47:17,557 Whaling was a huge industry 718 00:47:17,727 --> 00:47:19,763 right up until the 1970s, 719 00:47:20,927 --> 00:47:24,158 Some species nearly disappeared from our oceans,,, 720 00:47:24,327 --> 00:47:25,806 altogether, 721 00:47:26,767 --> 00:47:28,758 We recognised this just in time, 722 00:47:28,927 --> 00:47:30,918 so we did something about it, 723 00:47:38,887 --> 00:47:41,799 We do now know what's happening in our oceans, 724 00:47:41,967 --> 00:47:45,198 We know they're in trouble and that we're to blame. 725 00:47:45,367 --> 00:47:46,846 We can't hide 726 00:47:47,007 --> 00:47:50,397 behind an out of sight, out of mind attitude any more. 727 00:47:50,567 --> 00:47:52,558 We know what's down there - 728 00:47:52,727 --> 00:47:55,161 the extraordinary diversity of life. 729 00:47:55,327 --> 00:47:57,318 0ur oceans are S0 precious, 730 00:47:57,487 --> 00:47:59,478 so vital to the planet. 731 00:47:59,647 --> 00:48:01,683 If we care about that, 732 00:48:01,847 --> 00:48:04,520 then, surely, we can look after them.